Botany and Plant Science

These cells are hard and brittle. The cells develop an extensive secondary cell wall (laid down on the inside of the primary wall). This wall is invested with lignin, making it extremely hard. Lignin, plus suberin and/or cutin, make the wall waterproof as well.

This is a single layer of cells containing few or no chloroplasts. The cells are quite transparent and permit most of the light that strikes them,  to pass through, to the underlying cells. The upper surface is covered with a waxy, waterproof cuticle, which serves to reduce water loss,  from the leaf.

Activity of cambium results in the formation of annual rings.

Both cambium and phellogen cause thickening of the stem, branches and roots by their activities.

Parenchyma cells are also known as chlorenchyma and are located between the superior and the inferior epidermis of the leaves.

Protoderm is not a cell of vascular tissues of a monocot stem. Protoderm gives rise to epidermis.

Periderm covers the stem and leaves in dicots. Both phellogen and phelloderm are constituents of periderm. In other words, both phellogen and phelloderm form the secondary cover on the stem and leaves in dicots.

Primordial meristem produces primary meristem which makes up the basic structure of a plant body.

incomplete

   monoecious    

spikelet

pappus

antipetalous

all of these

   both 1& 2