Biomolecules and Enzymes

Enzymes, vitamins and hormones are classified into a category of biological chemicals as they help in regulating the metabolism of the living organism, and maintain the activities of their lives.

Competitive inhibition is caused by blocking of active sites of enzyme by an inhibitor that closely resembles with that of the substrate but does not undergo any change.  It is seen when the substrate and the inhibitor compete for the active site on the enzyme.

Michaelis constant is the substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is 50% of the V_max.

Alkaline protease is derived from Bacillus licheniformis.

Like animals they have glycogen as their main reserve food material.

Enzymes are the proteins and the structures of enzymes get deactivated at boiling.

In our diet, those amino acids which are not synthesized in our body and take in the form of diet (food) are termed as as essentially amino acids. Cysteine and Arginine are come in the class conditionally amino acids. However, cysteine, a sulphur-containing amino acid, tyrosine and arginine are required by infants and growing children. In the cases, these amino acids are termed as essential amino acids and required in the diet besides of conditionally amino acids.Hence, both P and Q are termed as essentially amino acid in case of growing children.

The indispensable amino acids or essential amino acids are those amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the organism being considered, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. The amino acids regarded as essential for humans are phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, leucine, lysine, and histidine. The amino acids arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline, serine and tyrosine are considered as conditionally essential amino acids, meaning they are not normally required in the diet, but must be supplied exogenously to specific populations that do not synthesize them in adequate amounts.Hence, R and S both are indispensable amino acids and others are conditionally amino acids.

Osborne (1924) classified seed storage proteins into groups on the basis of their extraction and solubility in water (albumins), dilute saline (globulins), alcohol-water mixtures (prolamins), and dilute acid or alkali (glutelins). In Crucifereae or Bressicaceae family, the seed storage proteins are called napins. The examples of cruciferae family are- Brassica campestris, Degenia velebitica, Arabis aculeolata etc. Zea mays belongs to the family Poaceae and contains zein as seed storage proteins.

Hsp 70 and Hsp 40: 70 KD is a heat shock protein and 40 KD is a heat shock protein that can bind individually to the substrate, and help in the correct formation of protein folding.

It is true for Hsp 70 system but not for chaperonin. Chaperonin is an oligomeric assembly, which forms a structure into which the folded protein is inserted. This system mainly has Hsp 60 and Hsp10 and is required at later part of the protein folding process and often work in association with Hsp 70 system.

(2) 'Protein and nucleic acid' make molecules.

Leucine zippers are exclusively involved in protein-protein dimerization, while they ineract with DNA’s sugar and phosphate molecules in an induced way, rather than direct binding.

The IgA of external secretion like tears, colostrums, mucus, etc. consists of a dimer or tetramer with a J-chain and a polypeptide chain called secretory component.

Bacterial capsule lacks cellulose as cellulose is present in the cell walls of plants.