Tag: zoology

Kidney stones are also called urine calculi. Urine calculi are small stones which are hard deposit in the kidneys and cause pain when are passed through the urinary stream. They are often calcium oxalate crystals. Hence kidney stone is produced due to crystallization of oxalates.

When the body has low levels of insulin it cannot get enough glucose into cells for energy requirements. So the body uses alternate energy by burning body fat. Ketone bodies are byproducts in the metabolism of fat. During starvation or fasting conditions the liver synthesizes glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from fat. During gluconeogenesis, the ketone bodies are formed as byproducts where the product is glucose. The accumulation of ketone bodies in tissues are called as ketosis. Hence ketosis is due to Low insulin levels.

Anuria means non passage of urine, in practice is defined as passage of less than 100 milliliters of urine in a day. Anuria is caused by failure in the function of kidneys. It may also occur because of some severe obstruction like kidney stones or tumours. It may occur with end stage renal disease.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by the deficiency of antidiuretic hormone ADH in the body. ADH(Antidiuretic hormone) helps the kidneys keep the correct amount of water in the body. Diabetes insipidus is marked by intense thirst and heavy urination. Thus the condition in-which kidneys fail to conserve water leading to water loss and dehydration due to impaired ADH synthesis or release is Diabetes insipidus'.

Rickets is the condition of the weakening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency in the children. In people with old age, rickets is due to renal insufficiency caused due to Osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease.

Glycosuria is the presence of glucose(6 carbon sugar) in urine. It majorly occurs due to untreated diabetes mellitus. Hence glycosuria is a high amount of sugar in the urine.

Acute renal failure is a condition in which the kidneys suddenly can't filter waste from the blood. It can occur as a result of blood loss, toxins, or physical damage to the kidneys. Edema, hypertension and acidosis are few symptoms of acute renal failure. This is treatable and does not result in immediate death. 

The term diuresis refers to the excessive production of urine. When excess water is lost through urine the blood volume is decreased and its osmolarity is increased which stimulates the posterior pituitary to release ADH. ADH decreases the volume of urine by increasing the reabsorption of water by kidneys and prevents diuresis. Hence it is also called antidiuretic hormone. ADH deficiency causes diuresis which leads to polydipsia (excess thirst) and polyuria (excess urine).

Presence of ketone bodies in urine is called as ketonuria. It indicates diabetes mellitus.In diabetes mellitus glucose cannot enter the cell due to lack of insulin hence Ketone bodies are the alternate source of energy. when glucose is in short supply, ketone bodies are made in the liver by break down of fat when there is not enough sugar or glucose to supply body's fuel needs.