Tag: biology

Menopause is the time when menstrual cycles permanently cease. Symptoms of menopause include irregular periods, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, mood swings. During natural menopause, estrogen and progesterone levels in blood decreases. However, the levels of FSH and LH in blood increases during this time. High levels of FSH is an indicator of perimenopause period.

Puberty is the period of growth that bridges childhood to adulthood and results in physical and several maturities as well as the capacity for reproduction. Over half of pubertal timing is considered heritable.

Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads: the ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy.
Menopause is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for 12 months. It is the time in a woman's life when the function of the ovaries ceases. The process of menopause does not occur overnight, but rather is a gradual process. 
At conception, gender is determined by chromosome characteristics and it will be the male (or rather the male's sperm) that dictates whether the baby will be a boy or a girl. Prior to conception, the unfertilized egg carries an X chromosome while the sperm can carry either an X or a Y chromosome. The gender of the baby comes down to one simple event. If the sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, a girl will be conceived. If the sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, a boy will be conceived.
A goitre is a swelling of the neck or larynx resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland (thyromegaly), associated with a thyroid gland that is not functioning properly.Worldwide, the most common cause for goitre is iodine deficiency, usually seen in countries that do not use iodized salt. 

Progesterone is a hormone released by the corpus luteum in the ovary. It plays important roles in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. It may also be involved in the growth of certain cancers. During the menstrual cycle, when an egg is released from the ovary at ovulation (approximately day 14), the remnants of the ovarian follicle that enclosed the developing egg form a structure called as the corpus luteum. This releases progesterone and, to a lesser extent, oestradiol. The progesterone prepares the body for pregnancy in the event that the released egg is fertilised. If the egg is not fertilised, the corpus luteum breaks down, the production of progesterone falls and a new menstrual cycle begins. Estrogen or oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone and is responsible for development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. Follicle stimulating hormone is produced by the pituitary gland. It regulates the functions of both the ovaries and testes. Lack or insufficiency of it can cause infertility or subfertility both in men and women. In females, an acute rise of LH ("LH surge") triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts synergistically with FSH. 

The clot is made up of blood cells, fibrins and endometrial tissues. Since the blood passes from uterus quickly then there is no time for anticoagulants to act. So, clots cannot be formed easily.

The menstrual cycle is the cycle of natural changes that occurs in the uterus and ovary as an essential part of making sexual reproduction possible. The length of it is an average of 28 days. So, blank 1 is 28 days.
Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction, It leads to the beginning of menstrual cycles in women. So, blank 2 is the menstrual cycle.
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle in females. So, blank 3 is menarche.
This cycle begins generally at the age of 12-13 and ends at the age of 45-55. So, option 4 is 45-50.
Menopause marks the end of menstrual cycle. So, blank 5 is menopause.
At around mid-cycle, when the egg is mature, it gets released from the ovary, pushed down to fallopian tube and is available to be fertilized in the process called ovulation. This occurs around 13th-14th day. So, blank 6 is 13$^{th}$ or 14$^{th}$ day and blank 7 is ovulation.
Progesterone is an endogenous steroid hormone and is secreted in the ovaries by the corpus luteum. So, blank 8 is progesterone.
After being released from the ovary, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the fimbria, which is a fringe of tissue at the end of each fallopian tube. So, blank 9 is fallopian tube
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), '(1) 28 days, (2) puberty, (3) menarche, (4) 45-50 years, (5) menopause, (6) 13th or 14th days, (7) ovulation, (8) progesterone, (9) fallopian tube'.

1. Mimicry is considered to be the copy of action or behavior of someone or something. It can be in the form of sound, smell, behavior etc.
   
2. Behavioral adaptation is the one that organism adapts for the survival. It includes migration, hibernation etc.
3. Migration is the process in which animal moves large distances in order to avoid seasonal stress. 
4. Camouflage is a combination of material, colouration and illumination that helps organism either to hide or disguise itself. 

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms. They lack membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, golgi apparatus. They also lack true nucleus. Instead, they have nucleoid or incipient nucleus. Nucleoid is an undifferetiated, unorganised, fibrillar nucleus without any limiting membrane. They have ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Examples include bacteria like E. coli, blue green algae. 

Moneran are prokaryotic unicellular organisms. They lack membrane-bound organelles. They lack true nucleus. They have genetic material without nuclear envelope. The examples of Moneran include bacteria, blue green algae like Nostoc, Spirulina, Oscillatoria. Euglena is an eukaryotic organism