Tag: biology

Menarche is the first menstrual cycle in female humans.
Menopause is the end of menstrual cycle.

Menopause is the time in a woman's life when her menstrual periods stop and she is no longer able to have children (i.e., no longer fertile), which generally happens after the age of 40-45 years.
Menstruation is the woman's monthly cycle, menarche is the first menstrual period and ageing is the general phenomenon of growing old.

• The first menstrual cycle begins at puberty but is not called menopause, instead it is called menarche. 
• Menarche is the first menstrual flow/discharge in female humans. Menopause marks the end of the menstrual cycle,

Once a girl starts menstruation, her body needs more iron to make up the amount of iron they lose in their menstrual cycle. During menstruation, blood flows out from the body after a fixed interval. As we know haemoglobin is composed of a protein called globulin, four heme groups, each associated with an iron atom. In the absence of iron the person becomes anemic. So, avoid this condition in females, it is necessary to take more iron in females.

14th day of menstrual cycle will be ovulation day. Thus she will release ovum on 14th March. Next menstrual cycle will trigger on 29th March, that is after exact 28 days of previous menstrual cycle. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone which is essential for maintenance of the endometrium (wall of the uterus) . Such an endometrium is necessary for implantation of the fertilized ovum. In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates resulting in decline in the progesterone level. This causes disintegration of the endometrium leading to menstruation, making a new cycle. 

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle in women. PMS symptoms start 1-2 days before the period and some of these symptoms include acne, swollen or tender breasts, trouble sleeping, upset stomach, bloating, constipation or diarrhoea, anxiety, depression etc.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Progesterone is the hormone which is released by the corpus luteum and the placenta. The hormone is known as the pregnancy hormone which helps in the maintenance of the cell lining of the endometrium. When the released egg is not fertilised, then the level of progesterone decreases as the corpus luteum degenerates. The low level of progesterone results in shedding of the cells from the uterine wall causing menstruation. 

Females of most vertebrate species exhibit recurring periods of heightened sexual activity in which they are sexually attractive, proceptive and receptive to the males. In mammalian females (except humans, old world monkeys and apes) this periodic sex appeal is referred to as estrous or heat i.e., ready to accept a male and to mate. One or more estrous may occur during the breeding of a species. Prior to ovulation, the endometrium (uterine wall) thickens, in preparation for holding the fertilised ova. As the proliferation of uterine tissue reaches its peak, receptivity is highest. 

After the age of 45, the number of ovarian follicles decreases and the ovaries become less responsive to luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Hence the ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone. So the menstrual cycle stops and reproductive capacity is arrested. Menopause marks the end of reproductive phase.