Tag: biotechnology and genetic engineering

Questions Related to biotechnology and genetic engineering

Human insulin is being commercially produced from a transgenic species of

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. Mycobacterium

  2. Rhizobium

  3. Saccharomyces

  4. Escherichia

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Correct Option: D
Explanation:

A transgenic microorganism is a microbe, usually a bacterium, into which genetic information has been introduced from the outside and which possesses the ability to pass that information on to subsequent generations. In this process by which, scientists introduce new genetic material into a microorganism is called as molecular or gene cloning. It involves the isolation of DNA from a source other than the microorganism itself. The human insulin is produced by genetically engineered Escherichia coli.

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

When using bacteria to clone a human gene and express its product-as in the case of insulin-the gene cannot contain introns because bacteria do not have the enzymes to process mRNA. Therefore

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. if the sequence is known, very small human genes can be built with a DNA synthesizer in a laboratory and they will lack introns

  2. reverse transcriptase can be used to make DNA backwards from human mature mRNA and this would lack introns

  3. it is impossible to use bacteria to express human gene products because all human genes have introns

  4. both (a) and (b) are true

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Correct Option: D
Explanation:

In order for a human gene to be expressed in bacteria, it must have one important modification. Specifically, it must lack introns. Introns are intervening sequences found in many human genes, and they are removed from eukaryotic RNA transcripts by splicing to make a mature mRNA. Bacteria lack enzymes for splicing. This problem is tackled by using the following approaches:- 

  1. Reverse transcriptase is used to make DNA backwards from human mature mRNA. This DNA will lack introns and DNA will contain only those genes that are going to be expressed. 
  2. Artificial gene synthesis by building polynucleotide chain based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA fragment of the gene of interest. 

So, the correct option is 'both (a) and (b) are true'. 

Some of the steps involved in the production of humilin are given below. Arrange them in the correct sequence and select the correct option.
(i) Synthesis of gene (DNA) for human insulin artificially
(ii) Culturing recombinant E.coll in bioreactors 
(iii) Purification of humilin
(iv) Insertion of human insulin gene into plasmid
(v) Introduction of recombinant plasmid into E.coli 
(vi) Extraction of recombinant gene product from E.coli.

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. (ii), (i), (iv), (iii), (v), (vi)

  2. (i), (iii), (v), (vi), (ii), (iv)

  3. (i), (iv), (v), (ii), (vi), (iii)

  4. (iii), (v), (ii), (i), (vi), (iv)

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The given sentences can be arranged in a systemic order of i, iv, v, ii, vi, iii.

So, the correct option is '(i), (iv), (v), (ii), (vi), (iii)'.

Which of the following is produced by genetic engineered bacteria?

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. thyroxine

  2. insulin

  3. glucagon

  4. ADH

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Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Genetically modified or Genetically engineered bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. These organisms are now used for several purposes and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine. Insulin is normally produced by it.

So, the correct option is 'insulin'.

During the processing of the prohormone "proinsulin" into the mature "insulin".

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. C-peptide is added to proinsulin

  2. C-peptide is removed from proinsulin

  3. B-peptide is added to proinsulin

  4. B-peptide is removed from proinsulin

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Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Both C-Peptide and mature insulin are biologically active. Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale. Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene.

So, the correct option is 'C-Peptide is removed from proinsulin'.

The first human hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology is?

biotechnology and genetic engineering genetic technology genetic engineering biology making use of enzymes

  1. insulin

  2. estrogen

  3. thyroxin

  4. progesterone

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The first licensed drug generated using recombinant DNA technology was human insulin, developed by Genentech and Licensed by Elli Lilly and company.

So, the correct option is 'Insulin'.

The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol by yeast is called as

botany biotechnology and genetic engineering use of microbes in biotechnology use of microbes in industrial applications useful microorganisms

  1. Fermentation

  2. Pasteurisation

  3. Alcoholism

  4. All of the above

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.

Pasteurisation is a

botany biotechnology and genetic engineering use of microbes in biotechnology use of microbes in industrial applications useful microorganisms

  1. Sterilisation technique

  2. Immunisation technique

  3. Fermentation technique

  4. None of the above

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Pasteurization is the technique of heating milk at a high temperature ( 75$^0$ C) for a short period of time (15 s) and again cooling down quickly. It kills bacteria that may be in the milk, to ensure its safe consumption. Also, it increases the lifespan of milk. Therefore, pasteurisation is a 'sterilisation technique'.

Which of the following is used to disinfect contaminated utensils?

botany biotechnology and genetic engineering use of microbes in biotechnology use of microbes in industrial applications useful microorganisms

  1. 5% of phenol

  2. 30% of chloroform

  3. 1% isopropanol

  4. 70% of butanol

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Phenol usually in low concentrations is used in household used for cleaning and disinfecting purpose.Chloroform can't be used for disinfecting utensils as it is an anesthetic drug and causes dizziness.Isopropanol is a flammable reagent and also can't be used as a cleaning product.Butanol is usually used in painting or other work as thinner and also its fumes are harmful if inhaled and may cause slight irritation. so this also can't be used for disinfecting utensils. So, the correct answer is'5% of phenol'

Which of these organisms is unicellular, causes fermentation of sugar solutions and respires anerobically?

botany biotechnology and genetic engineering use of microbes in biotechnology use of microbes in industrial applications useful microorganisms

  1. Rhizopus

  2. Yeast

  3. Amoeba

  4. Bacteria

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Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The yeast is a type of fungal species which have unicellular cells. These cells are known to perform anaerobic fermentation of the sugars and produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. The organism respires anaerobically and breaks down the fermentable sugars in the absence of oxygen.

Thus, the correct answer is option B.