Tag: reproductive health

In vitro fertilization stands for fertilization outside the body in almost similar condition as that in the body is a method of assisted reproductive technology. In this method to ovum from the wife or donor and sperm from the husband of doner are collected and fused to form zygote in the simulated condition in the laboratory. The zygote or the early embryo up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube which is known as zygote intrafallopian transfer when the embryos are more than 8 blastomeres then they are transferred into the uterus and this is known as an intrauterine transfer.

Common methods of ART include:

1. In vitro fertilization (IVF) - Fertilization outside of the body. IVF is the most effective ART. It is often used when a woman’s fallopian tubes are blocked or when a man produces too few sperm. Doctors treat the woman with a drug that causes the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Once mature, the eggs are removed from the woman. They are put in a dish in the lab along with the man’s sperm for fertilization. After 3 to 5 days, healthy embryos are implanted in the woman’s uterus.

2. Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or Tubal Embryo Transfer is similar to IVF- Fertilization occurs in the laboratory. Then the very young embryo is transferred to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.

3. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) involves transferring eggs and sperm into the woman’s fallopian tube. So fertilization occurs in the woman’s body. Few practices offer GIFT as an option.

4. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is often used for couples in which there are serious problems with the sperm. Sometimes it is also used for older couples or for those with failed IVF attempts. In ICSI, a single sperm is injected into a mature egg. Then the embryo is transferred to the uterus or fallopian tube.

 ART procedures sometimes involve the use of donor eggs (eggs from another woman), donor sperm, or previously frozen embryos. Donor eggs are sometimes used for women who can not produce eggs. Also, donor eggs or donor sperm is sometimes used when the woman or man has a genetic disease that can be passed on to the baby.

 So, the correct answer is “Both A and B”.

IVF or In Vitro fertilisation is an artificial method of fertilisation, for the parents who can't conceive naturally. In this process egg or ovum from the mother (or a donor female) and sperms from father is taken and are fertilised outside the mother's body, in the laboratory conditions. This is done in a large number, so as to ensure the fertilisation. Then this fertilised zygote(s) are implanted in the mother's (or a surrogate mother's) uterus.  

IVF is a technique of fertilisation done outside the mother's body . These fertilised zygotes (2 or 4) at 4-8 celled stage are placed in the fallopian tube of the mother by process of Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT). Excess fertilised eggs are cryopreserved for use in case of implantation failure 

Howard and Pelc divided cell cycle in four stage. The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, culminating in cell growth and division into two daughter cells. Non-dividing cells not considered to be in the cell cycle. The stages  are G$ _1$-S-G$ _2$-M. The G$ _1$ stage stands for "GAP 1". The S stage stands for "Synthesis". This is the stage when DNA replication occurs. The G$ _2$ stage stands for "GAP 2". The M stage stands for "mitosis", and is when and cytoplasmic division occur.

HIV is Human Immunodeficiency Virus that causes AIDS. Hepatitis-B is a viral disease and it has not been eradicated yet. Gonorrhoea is a bacterial disease. Trichomoniasis is a protozoan disease.

Syphilis is a bacterial disease caused by Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted through sexual contact and from mother to foetus during pregnancy. In the first stage of this disease, painless ulcer or chancre appears on the genitals and swelling of lymph nodes occur.

Hepatitis D, also known as delta hepatitis, is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). Hepatitis D only occurs in people who are infected with the Hepatitis B virus, since HDV requires the help of HBV to replicate. Therefore, by getting a vaccination of Hepatitis B we can save ourselves from Hepatitis D.