Tag: life processes in living organisms- part 1

In plants, meiosis can be observed in sporangia. A microsporangium is the part of plant is suitable for the study of meiosis. A typical anther contains four microsporangia. The microsporangia form sacs or locules in the anther. The two separate locules on each side of an anther may fuse into a single locule. Each microsporangium is lined with a nutritive tissue layer called the tapetum and initially contains diploid pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. The spores may remain attached to each other in a tetrad or separate after meiosis.

The site of meiosis in higher plants is the spore mother cell.  In land plants and some algae, there is an alternation of generations such that meiosis in the diploid sporophyte generation produces haploid spores. These spores multiply by mitosis, developing into the haploid gametophyte generation, which then gives rise to gametes directly. In both animals and plants, the final stage is for the gametes to fuse, restoring the original number of chromosomes.

Meiosis occurs in microspores mother cells which are diploid cells; to produce microspores or pollen grains. Each microspore mother cell produces four microspores after a meiotic division.

Anther is the part of plant is suitable for the study of meiosis. A typical anther contains four microsporangia. The microsporangia form sacs or locules in the anther. The two separate locules on each side of an anther may fuse into a single locule. Each microsporangium is lined with a nutritive tissue layer called as the tapetum and initially contains diploid pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. The spores may remain attached to each other in a tetrad or separate after meiosis.

Sporic meiosis, has mitosis in two stages, both the diploid and haploid stages, termed diplobiontic. 

• in certain conditions such as starvation when sufficient amount of glucose is not present in the blood the foremost priority of the body is to provide brain with the sufficient amount of glucose.
• So for the other body parts the energy that is to be provided can be done by the use of other substrates instead of glucose.
• First alternative of glucose is fatty acid which is stored in the body. These fatty acid molecules are converted to acetyl coA by the process of beta oxidation and used in the kerbs cycle to provide the cell with energy.
• Glycerol is also a fatty acid which is used as the other fatty acid in the kerbs cycle.
• Amino acids are the part of protein molecules which are usually not stored in the body but can be used in the kerbs cycle whenever they are provided to the cell.
• Therefore the answer 'all of these' is correct.

Fermentation is an anaerobic process by which glucose is broken down into alcohol, carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas. Yeast is used during baking process. This process is responsible for the increasing the size of maida dough because yeast converts sugar into carbon dioxide and ethanol. Carbon dioxide gas is trapped by gluten proteins which causes dough to rise.

Eduard Buchner was a German chemist who won the Noble prize in chemistry for his chance discovery in 1907. His brother Hans Buchner was a physician who conducted early research on blood proteins that could destroy bacteria. Eduard Buchner assisted his brother in his research. He produced yeast cell-free extracts for his brother who wanted to use them for immunological applications. In order to preserve the protein extract from yeast cells, he added sugar and while doing this he noticed the formation of bubbles. This meant that carbon dioxide and alcohol were being produced. Buchner had obtained an enzyme mixture called zymase from yeast that caused glycolysis and transformed the sugar into alcohol. Thus he discovered zymase, a complex of the enzyme that caused glycolysis in 1903. 

A. Toddy is created by fermenting the saps of various species of palm trees such as the palmyra, date palms, and coconut palms.
B. Swiss cheese is obtained by propionic fermentation which occurs due to the propionibacteria.