World Facts and Geography

Taiwan was known as Formosa, derived from the Portuguese 'Ilha Formosa' meaning 'beautiful island'. Portuguese sailors named it in the 16th century when they sighted the island. The name was commonly used in Western maps and literature until the mid-20th century.

Holland is commonly used as a synonym for the Netherlands, though technically it refers only to two provinces (North and South Holland). These were the most prosperous and internationally prominent provinces during the Dutch Golden Age, leading foreigners to use 'Holland' for the entire country. The Dutch government sometimes uses 'Netherlands' officially but accepts 'Holland' informally.

Malagasy is the Austronesian language and ethnic identity of Madagascar. The question appears to ask about historical naming, though the framing is unclear - Malagasy has long been the name of Madagascar's people and their language, not a former name for the country itself. Option C (Madagascar) is marked correct but this conflates the language/people with the place.

The Hawaiian Islands were historically called the Sandwich Islands, named by Captain James Cook in 1778 after the Earl of Sandwich. This name was used throughout the 19th century before eventually being replaced by the indigenous name Hawaii. The other options are fictional or incorrect variants.

Zambia is known as the 'country of copper' due to its vast copper reserves and mining industry, which has been the backbone of its economy since colonial times. Copper accounts for over 70% of Zambia's export earnings. The country is one of the world's top copper producers.

Japan is called both Nippon and Nihon in Japanese - both names mean 'Land of the Rising Sun'. Nippon is used more in formal contexts and on banknotes and stamps, while Nihon is commonly used in everyday speech. Jippon and Jipangu are not the correct names - these appear to be variants or misspellings.

China is the world's largest producer of manganese, accounting for approximately 20-25% of global production through extensive mining operations.

Malaysia is the world's largest producer of natural rubber, with vast plantations and ideal climate conditions. Thailand and Indonesia are also major producers.

The Arabian Peninsula is the world's largest peninsula, covering approximately 3.25 million square kilometers. It is located in Western Asia and comprises countries like Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait. India is the second-largest peninsula (Indian Peninsula), while Japan is an archipelago, not a peninsula, and China is not a peninsula.

Cuba is historically known as the 'Sugar Bowl of the World' due to its vast sugarcane plantations and sugar production, which dominated its economy for centuries. The country's climate and geography made it ideal for sugarcane cultivation.

Monaco has the world's highest population density at approximately 26,000 people per square kilometer. While Singapore, Hong Kong, and Bangladesh are also densely populated, none come close to Monaco's extreme concentration.

The concept of constitutional amendment procedures in the Indian Constitution was borrowed from South Africa. The flexibility of the amendment process was influenced by the South African constitutional model.

Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) were added to the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, inspired by the USSR Constitution. They were not part of the original Constitution.

Mother Teresa was born Anjeze Gonxhe Bojaxhiu in Skopje (then Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia) to an Albanian family. While she spent most of her life in India and became an Indian citizen, she was ethnically Albanian and Albania is her country of ethnic origin. Albania is located in the Balkans of Southeastern Europe.