Rocks and Earth Materials

Metamorphic rocks are made by either heating up or squashing of the Earth's crust.

The application of directed pressure to a metamorphic rock results in the alignment of grains.

They are formed when sediment hardens into rock. Igneous magma at high temperature may penetrate into sedimentary rocks.

Diamond is made of only carbon.

Limestone is an organically formed sedimentary rock created from the accumulation of marine organism shells and skeletal fragments. Gypsum (A) is chemically precipitated, Mudstone (B) is clastic - both are not organically formed.

Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth's crust, comprising approximately 46-47% by weight. It exists primarily in silicate minerals. Calcium and carbon are present in much smaller quantities (about 4% and 0.1% respectively).

The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes the dynamic transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.

This is the correct answer, as all are different types of valleys.

Stalactites hang as icicles of different diameters. Normally they are broad at their bases and taper towards the free ends showing up in a variety of forms. These are depositional land forms in lime stone caves.

Slate is a metamorphic rock formed from shale, not an igneous rock. Granite, quartz, and feldspar are all igneous rocks formed from cooling magma or lava. Slate is characterized by its foliation and ability to split into thin sheets, making it useful for roofing and blackboards.

Hawaiian volcanoes like Mauna Loa and Kilauea are classic examples of shield volcanoes, which are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. These form broad, gently sloping domes shaped like a warrior's shield, unlike composite volcanoes (steep, layered) or the nonexistent terms 'broad' or 'core' volcanoes.

a form of lava when erupted

Caldera: After the explosion, these volcanoes collapse on themselves rather than building any tall structure

collapsed depressions after the explosion of “caldera” type volcano.

When lava or magma cools and solidifies, it forms igneous rocks. This can happen either extrusively (lava cooling on Earth's surface forming basalt, rhyolite) or intrusively (magma cooling underground forming granite, gabbro). Manganese is an element, not a rock type; metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks under heat/pressure.