Reading Comprehension

Which of the following describes the organization of the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Fashion, much like the society that it is an integral part of, is an ever evolving organism with many interdependent and complemental roles and myriad rules that are assayed within the framework devised by the numerous constituents of the same. Over the ages, the mindset of allegedly the most intelligent race on the planet has been transfigured sometimes gleefully and with vociferous cries of ayes and at times grudgingly and involuntarily. The movement has sometimes found favor with the teeming multitudes while at others antagonizing a sizable component those that have to be dragged, kicking, screaming and protesting into accepting the writing on the wall about the impermanence of the order of things. What is meat and potatoes for someone turns into over fermented vinegar for others and herein lies both the rub and the beauty of the turn of events. The fifties and sixties were perhaps epitomized by the Wild West, the rough and ready apparel, the Blue Levis, the cocked hat and the loaded gun. People like Clint Eastwood, John Wayne and Gregory Peck came to be the vanguard of the cowboy tribe, the one of frequent brawls and infrequent baths. The seventies are known as ‘Swinging’ not without a legitimate cause. Suddenly, macho was not the only buzz word and with the advent of psychedelic hued clothes (would not be surprised at all if Hawaiian print shirts- the loud ones-made an appearance during this period), headbands, free and universal love, booze, drugs and aspirations of world peace, the fashion scene changed once again. In the backdrop of the ill-fated Vietnam War, it was the on screen rebels like James Dean, the celluloid Mafia dons like Marlon Brando and Al Pacino that stole the thunder and ruled the roost. Eighties saw the emergence of cult figures like the Ray-Ban adorned Tom Cruise, Nicholas Cage and Clark Kent as Superman- without the shades but with the addition of a cape. It is really surprising that both hot and cool mean similar things at times even when the trusted dictionary tells us that they are locked in mortal combat. Something that is rakish and swank can and does often turn dowdy faster than one can say the magic word - abracadabra! It is really nothing to get one’s knickers in a twist over when a fashion iconoclast like Farah Fawcett Majors is thought of to be so eighties now. The curl, the wave and the bang, made so famous by the Goldilocks evokes now a sigh of nostalgia in some and a whistle of disbelief in others. Alas, fashion, like the divas that represent it on the promenade, can hardly be called the cornerstone of reliability and dependability, changing moods with the speed and the fickleness of the earth changing moods, the chameleon changing colors, and most aptly, like the models who, in the time between one swirl on the stage and the next pirouette, change clothes so fast that one would be forgiven for harboring the belief that Superman must have taken lessons from them.

Select a sentence in the passage which hints that the vision of utopia might be flawed.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

As the dragon country preens in the spotlight brought about by its fiscal policies that have catapulted it to the centre stage in global economics, additional proof of its newly founded ascendancy has been brought about by its superseding of Japan to officially become world’s second largest economy. What is causing heartburn to many jingoistic analysts and economists from other nations of the world stage is the knowledge that a large part of this leap in rankings has been brought about by the burgeoning exports that have brought along with them a huge hoard of precious foreign currency. It is indeed a marvel how the President, Hu Jin Tao is managing to keep such an impassive front when anyone else in his shoes would have been grinning like a Cheshire cat that has just polished off a huge bowl of cream. Perhaps he is just one of those unexpressive characters or maybe he is waiting to polish off the last few wrinkles on the fiscal face before breaking into a joyful jig. An indication of the latter came recently when the state media, in a statement released to the world media, stressed upon the need of, and the increasing focus of the ruling junta on more equitable distribution of wealth which would endeavor to include farmers and workers into the explosive growth story.

As of now, the unofficial figures state that the cream of the Chinese society makes approximately seventy times more money on year on year basis than the populace at the bottom of the pyramid. Althou gh official numbers contest these findings, they also do not paint a propitious scenario. The Premier, in his call to action, has been exhorting political and economic restructuring with the balance of the power shifting its centre of gravity ever so slightly in favor of the masses but his viewpoint is not finding many backers in the government and the bureaucracy because these two sections of the society, apart from the various large industrial manufacturing units, have benefited the most from the current polices. In spite of the strident objections, a few steps towards the process of deregulating the economy have come through a subtle and tacit approval of the worker’s strikes in the People’s Republic. Idealistically speaking, the workers own everything according to the party doctrine which precludes the need for them to ever resort to a tool-down strike but ground realities are rather different. However, recent incidents of workers going on strikes for pressing their demands for better salaries have not been met by disapproval from the authorities and the workers have been, by and large, been successful in negotiating better pays and working conditions. The current model of growth is based upon the model of export blitzkrieg which, although has been yielding trailblazing results, has had a major Achilles heel in not being able to stimulate domestic consumption and one can safely presume that the fact has not escaped the attention of the politburo. While the author does not profess to possess any knowledge of the politburo members’ academic qualifications, there is little reason to believe that they are babes in the woods when it comes to fiscal foresight. In the event of a global economic meltdown, what will keep any economy ticking over is a robust domestic demand which can keep the smoke billowing out from the industrial chimneys.

Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the given question.

Are the forebodings about the impending global warming really producing the intended policy responses from the governments of various countries? “Not so� would be the answer, judging from the fate of the recent global conference, sponsored by the Netherlands Government at Nordwijk. Here was a gathering of representatives – climatologists and ministers of environment – of 60 countries including the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Japan and India. On the agenda before the conference were three crucial issues relating to stemming of the greenhouse effect or the global build up of carbon dioxide.

First there was the question of the industrial countries agreeing upon freezing CO₂ emission at current levels by 2000 AD, and achieving 20% cuts by 2005 AD, first mooted at the Toronto world conference of June 1988. Second there was the proposal to concert a world–wide afforestation programme covering 12 million hectares per year as a method of combating the decreased carbon fixation caused by the unstoppable deforestation all over the third world. Thirdly, the conference also sought to obtain a mandate for a preparatory draft for a global convention on climate.

None of these aims in fact, has materialised. The industrialised countries, without exception have turned down the proposition that makes it compulsory for them to adopt a time bound containment of CO₂ emission through appropriate changes in the industrial systems and in the energy mix. Although the resistance to any such commitment by countries such as the United States and Britain is not difficult to understand in view of the paucity of empirical information as what the costs of industrial restructuring would be, there can hardly be any doubt that these countries are yet to overcome their allergic attitude to the very concept of moving away from the dominating fossil fuel energy deployment.

Japan’s well–known stance of having moved resolutely ahead on the path of restructuring and away from high levels of CO₂ emissions was predictably reaffirmed at the conference. Although the developing countries find themselves in a hopeless predicament, in not being able to commit themselves to time bound environmental action plans, such as stopping the usage of Chloro–Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) by the end of the century and the proposal for graduated mitigation of CO2 emission brought up at the Nordwijk conference, there is fortunately no prospect of global warming being treated as a totally extraneous issue by the consequences of the greenhouse effect. For low–lying countries, such as Egypt, Maldives, would hesitate to call for determined global preventive action.

What lessons do the vacillations registered at the Nordwijk conference hold for policymakers worldwide? One obvious conclusion is that the industrial countries should begin setting the example, rather than merely repeat the percepts about the need to contain the damage to the precious resources of the environment. There are some small things that the developed countries can do to uncomplicate the task of ensuring the developing nations stick to the advocated environment friendly measures. One of these, which says that the debt overhead that torments the developing countries can be overcome by mere “forgiveness� or resumption of private commercial, has to be put to rest by rejecting it completely.

A better alternative will be that the global community organises a massive programme of concessional financial assistance to the poor countries, to enable them to achieve transfer of industrial energy and environmental technologies which would give content and meaning to the otherwise amorphous paradigm of suitable development. It is for the developing countries to bend their energies and work for substantial improvements in the living conditions of the masses of the poor without aping the misguided and discredited anti–environment policy matrix of the North.

It can be inferred from the line - “None of these aims have materialised” - that

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the given question.

Are the forebodings about the impending global warming really producing the intended policy responses from the governments of various countries? “Not so� would be the answer, judging from the fate of the recent global conference, sponsored by the Netherlands Government at Nordwijk. Here was a gathering of representatives – climatologists and ministers of environment – of 60 countries including the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Japan and India. On the agenda before the conference were three crucial issues relating to stemming of the greenhouse effect or the global build up of carbon dioxide.

First there was the question of the industrial countries agreeing upon freezing CO₂ emission at current levels by 2000 AD, and achieving 20% cuts by 2005 AD, first mooted at the Toronto world conference of June 1988. Second there was the proposal to concert a world–wide afforestation programme covering 12 million hectares per year as a method of combating the decreased carbon fixation caused by the unstoppable deforestation all over the third world. Thirdly, the conference also sought to obtain a mandate for a preparatory draft for a global convention on climate.

None of these aims in fact, has materialised. The industrialised countries, without exception have turned down the proposition that makes it compulsory for them to adopt a time bound containment of CO₂ emission through appropriate changes in the industrial systems and in the energy mix. Although the resistance to any such commitment by countries such as the United States and Britain is not difficult to understand in view of the paucity of empirical information as what the costs of industrial restructuring would be, there can hardly be any doubt that these countries are yet to overcome their allergic attitude to the very concept of moving away from the dominating fossil fuel energy deployment.

Japan’s well–known stance of having moved resolutely ahead on the path of restructuring and away from high levels of CO₂ emissions was predictably reaffirmed at the conference. Although the developing countries find themselves in a hopeless predicament, in not being able to commit themselves to time bound environmental action plans, such as stopping the usage of Chloro–Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) by the end of the century and the proposal for graduated mitigation of CO2 emission brought up at the Nordwijk conference, there is fortunately no prospect of global warming being treated as a totally extraneous issue by the consequences of the greenhouse effect. For low–lying countries, such as Egypt, Maldives, would hesitate to call for determined global preventive action.

What lessons do the vacillations registered at the Nordwijk conference hold for policymakers worldwide? One obvious conclusion is that the industrial countries should begin setting the example, rather than merely repeat the percepts about the need to contain the damage to the precious resources of the environment. There are some small things that the developed countries can do to uncomplicate the task of ensuring the developing nations stick to the advocated environment friendly measures. One of these, which says that the debt overhead that torments the developing countries can be overcome by mere “forgiveness� or resumption of private commercial, has to be put to rest by rejecting it completely.

A better alternative will be that the global community organises a massive programme of concessional financial assistance to the poor countries, to enable them to achieve transfer of industrial energy and environmental technologies which would give content and meaning to the otherwise amorphous paradigm of suitable development. It is for the developing countries to bend their energies and work for substantial improvements in the living conditions of the masses of the poor without aping the misguided and discredited anti–environment policy matrix of the North.

Which of the following were the three issues that were going to be discussed at the conference?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the given question.

Are the forebodings about the impending global warming really producing the intended policy responses from the governments of various countries? “Not so� would be the answer, judging from the fate of the recent global conference, sponsored by the Netherlands Government at Nordwijk. Here was a gathering of representatives – climatologists and ministers of environment – of 60 countries including the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Japan and India. On the agenda before the conference were three crucial issues relating to stemming of the greenhouse effect or the global build up of carbon dioxide.

First there was the question of the industrial countries agreeing upon freezing CO₂ emission at current levels by 2000 AD, and achieving 20% cuts by 2005 AD, first mooted at the Toronto world conference of June 1988. Second there was the proposal to concert a world–wide afforestation programme covering 12 million hectares per year as a method of combating the decreased carbon fixation caused by the unstoppable deforestation all over the third world. Thirdly, the conference also sought to obtain a mandate for a preparatory draft for a global convention on climate.

None of these aims in fact, has materialised. The industrialised countries, without exception have turned down the proposition that makes it compulsory for them to adopt a time bound containment of CO₂ emission through appropriate changes in the industrial systems and in the energy mix. Although the resistance to any such commitment by countries such as the United States and Britain is not difficult to understand in view of the paucity of empirical information as what the costs of industrial restructuring would be, there can hardly be any doubt that these countries are yet to overcome their allergic attitude to the very concept of moving away from the dominating fossil fuel energy deployment.

Japan’s well–known stance of having moved resolutely ahead on the path of restructuring and away from high levels of CO₂ emissions was predictably reaffirmed at the conference. Although the developing countries find themselves in a hopeless predicament, in not being able to commit themselves to time bound environmental action plans, such as stopping the usage of Chloro–Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) by the end of the century and the proposal for graduated mitigation of CO2 emission brought up at the Nordwijk conference, there is fortunately no prospect of global warming being treated as a totally extraneous issue by the consequences of the greenhouse effect. For low–lying countries, such as Egypt, Maldives, would hesitate to call for determined global preventive action.

What lessons do the vacillations registered at the Nordwijk conference hold for policymakers worldwide? One obvious conclusion is that the industrial countries should begin setting the example, rather than merely repeat the percepts about the need to contain the damage to the precious resources of the environment. There are some small things that the developed countries can do to uncomplicate the task of ensuring the developing nations stick to the advocated environment friendly measures. One of these, which says that the debt overhead that torments the developing countries can be overcome by mere “forgiveness� or resumption of private commercial, has to be put to rest by rejecting it completely.

A better alternative will be that the global community organises a massive programme of concessional financial assistance to the poor countries, to enable them to achieve transfer of industrial energy and environmental technologies which would give content and meaning to the otherwise amorphous paradigm of suitable development. It is for the developing countries to bend their energies and work for substantial improvements in the living conditions of the masses of the poor without aping the misguided and discredited anti–environment policy matrix of the North.

At the conference, there was a gathering of

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the given question.

Are the forebodings about the impending global warming really producing the intended policy responses from the governments of various countries? “Not so� would be the answer, judging from the fate of the recent global conference, sponsored by the Netherlands Government at Nordwijk. Here was a gathering of representatives – climatologists and ministers of environment – of 60 countries including the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Japan and India. On the agenda before the conference were three crucial issues relating to stemming of the greenhouse effect or the global build up of carbon dioxide.

First there was the question of the industrial countries agreeing upon freezing CO₂ emission at current levels by 2000 AD, and achieving 20% cuts by 2005 AD, first mooted at the Toronto world conference of June 1988. Second there was the proposal to concert a world–wide afforestation programme covering 12 million hectares per year as a method of combating the decreased carbon fixation caused by the unstoppable deforestation all over the third world. Thirdly, the conference also sought to obtain a mandate for a preparatory draft for a global convention on climate.

None of these aims in fact, has materialised. The industrialised countries, without exception have turned down the proposition that makes it compulsory for them to adopt a time bound containment of CO₂ emission through appropriate changes in the industrial systems and in the energy mix. Although the resistance to any such commitment by countries such as the United States and Britain is not difficult to understand in view of the paucity of empirical information as what the costs of industrial restructuring would be, there can hardly be any doubt that these countries are yet to overcome their allergic attitude to the very concept of moving away from the dominating fossil fuel energy deployment.

Japan’s well–known stance of having moved resolutely ahead on the path of restructuring and away from high levels of CO₂ emissions was predictably reaffirmed at the conference. Although the developing countries find themselves in a hopeless predicament, in not being able to commit themselves to time bound environmental action plans, such as stopping the usage of Chloro–Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) by the end of the century and the proposal for graduated mitigation of CO2 emission brought up at the Nordwijk conference, there is fortunately no prospect of global warming being treated as a totally extraneous issue by the consequences of the greenhouse effect. For low–lying countries, such as Egypt, Maldives, would hesitate to call for determined global preventive action.

What lessons do the vacillations registered at the Nordwijk conference hold for policymakers worldwide? One obvious conclusion is that the industrial countries should begin setting the example, rather than merely repeat the percepts about the need to contain the damage to the precious resources of the environment. There are some small things that the developed countries can do to uncomplicate the task of ensuring the developing nations stick to the advocated environment friendly measures. One of these, which says that the debt overhead that torments the developing countries can be overcome by mere “forgiveness� or resumption of private commercial, has to be put to rest by rejecting it completely.

A better alternative will be that the global community organises a massive programme of concessional financial assistance to the poor countries, to enable them to achieve transfer of industrial energy and environmental technologies which would give content and meaning to the otherwise amorphous paradigm of suitable development. It is for the developing countries to bend their energies and work for substantial improvements in the living conditions of the masses of the poor without aping the misguided and discredited anti–environment policy matrix of the North.

Which of the following was not an issue at the conference?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the given question.

Are the forebodings about the impending global warming really producing the intended policy responses from the governments of various countries? “Not so� would be the answer, judging from the fate of the recent global conference, sponsored by the Netherlands Government at Nordwijk. Here was a gathering of representatives – climatologists and ministers of environment – of 60 countries including the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Japan and India. On the agenda before the conference were three crucial issues relating to stemming of the greenhouse effect or the global build up of carbon dioxide.

First there was the question of the industrial countries agreeing upon freezing CO₂ emission at current levels by 2000 AD, and achieving 20% cuts by 2005 AD, first mooted at the Toronto world conference of June 1988. Second there was the proposal to concert a world–wide afforestation programme covering 12 million hectares per year as a method of combating the decreased carbon fixation caused by the unstoppable deforestation all over the third world. Thirdly, the conference also sought to obtain a mandate for a preparatory draft for a global convention on climate.

None of these aims in fact, has materialised. The industrialised countries, without exception have turned down the proposition that makes it compulsory for them to adopt a time bound containment of CO₂ emission through appropriate changes in the industrial systems and in the energy mix. Although the resistance to any such commitment by countries such as the United States and Britain is not difficult to understand in view of the paucity of empirical information as what the costs of industrial restructuring would be, there can hardly be any doubt that these countries are yet to overcome their allergic attitude to the very concept of moving away from the dominating fossil fuel energy deployment.

Japan’s well–known stance of having moved resolutely ahead on the path of restructuring and away from high levels of CO₂ emissions was predictably reaffirmed at the conference. Although the developing countries find themselves in a hopeless predicament, in not being able to commit themselves to time bound environmental action plans, such as stopping the usage of Chloro–Fluoro Carbons (CFCs) by the end of the century and the proposal for graduated mitigation of CO2 emission brought up at the Nordwijk conference, there is fortunately no prospect of global warming being treated as a totally extraneous issue by the consequences of the greenhouse effect. For low–lying countries, such as Egypt, Maldives, would hesitate to call for determined global preventive action.

What lessons do the vacillations registered at the Nordwijk conference hold for policymakers worldwide? One obvious conclusion is that the industrial countries should begin setting the example, rather than merely repeat the percepts about the need to contain the damage to the precious resources of the environment. There are some small things that the developed countries can do to uncomplicate the task of ensuring the developing nations stick to the advocated environment friendly measures. One of these, which says that the debt overhead that torments the developing countries can be overcome by mere “forgiveness� or resumption of private commercial, has to be put to rest by rejecting it completely.

A better alternative will be that the global community organises a massive programme of concessional financial assistance to the poor countries, to enable them to achieve transfer of industrial energy and environmental technologies which would give content and meaning to the otherwise amorphous paradigm of suitable development. It is for the developing countries to bend their energies and work for substantial improvements in the living conditions of the masses of the poor without aping the misguided and discredited anti–environment policy matrix of the North.

How are the two paragraphs related to each other?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Family support could not always be counted upon for providing sustenance to people who had lived too long and had exhausted their life savings. Up until a few centuries ago, societies had not evolved enough to handle the issue of citizens that had grown to be a liability for them. The sick, the needy, and the destitute would be dependent upon various religious organizations, the sympathy of the neighbors and the largesse of those who wanted an easy passage into the next life. In some ancient civilizations there existed an elementary form of social security in which individuals, known to each other, would come together to form a kind of a mutual fund wherein each member would contribute a fixed weekly amount in a common pool of resources. The resources thus collected would be used to pay for the burial expenses of the members of the informal trust, or, in case of the member living beyond working age, cover part of his living expenses.
Modern actuarial science did not have its genesis till late in the seventeenth century when the first life table, or the pattern of predictability of the life span, of the members of a cohort was first devised. Insurance companies used the table to find out the financial feasibility and the costs of insuring different cohorts. Today, the field is ranked among the top three most valuable fields for humanity. Though initial application was more or less limited to insurance companies, today the science finds application in the business of governance as well. Today, using an amalgam of various disciplines such as economics, mathematics, probabilities and statistics, actuarial sciences help in predicting consumer behavior, asset management, and many other fields.

Increase in errors in our weather computing patterns is most parallel to which of the following:

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Numerical weather prediction was a field initiated by Lewis Richardson in 1920s to forecast weather prediction. However, with the calculation of the weather pattern of one day took him more than fifteen weeks of preparation! It was in the 1950s, after the development of supercomputers, that the science of numerical weather prediction gained ground. With technology evolving at breakneck speed, the more powerful supercomputers are now able to compute millions of inputs and datasets to further increase the odds of weather prediction. However, because the formulae used in such calculations have innate imperfections, the errors resulting from the increasing inputs and datasets also grow along with our knowledge of the weather patterns.
Atmosphere is always in a state of flux, and that, in itself lengthens the odds of weather predictions being spot on. The atmospheric predictions are based upon a process that takes a sample of the fluid and by using thermodynamics equations, fluid dynamics, and millions of databases, estimates the state of the fluid at a time in the future. Since the sample of the fluid is taken as, but mathematically is not, the perfect representative of the state of the entire fluid, the long shot becomes an even longer shot.

In the context in which it appears, “largesse” in sentence 3 most nearly means

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Family support could not always be counted upon for providing sustenance to people who had lived too long and had exhausted their life savings. Up until a few centuries ago, societies had not evolved enough to handle the issue of citizens that had grown to be a liability for them. The sick, the needy, and the destitute would be dependent upon various religious organizations, the sympathy of the neighbors and the largesse of those who wanted an easy passage into the next life. In some ancient civilizations there existed an elementary form of social security in which individuals, known to each other, would come together to form a kind of a mutual fund wherein each member would contribute a fixed weekly amount in a common pool of resources. The resources thus collected would be used to pay for the burial expenses of the members of the informal trust, or, in case of the member living beyond working age, cover part of his living expenses.
Modern actuarial science did not have its genesis till late in the seventeenth century when the first life table, or the pattern of predictability of the life span, of the members of a cohort was first devised. Insurance companies used the table to find out the financial feasibility and the costs of insuring different cohorts. Today, the field is ranked among the top three most valuable fields for humanity. Though initial application was more or less limited to insurance companies, today the science finds application in the business of governance as well. Today, using an amalgam of various disciplines such as economics, mathematics, probabilities and statistics, actuarial sciences help in predicting consumer behavior, asset management, and many other fields.

All of the following can be inferred about the reproduction of viruses from the passage, except:

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

One of the theories that have been under the serious consideration of the scientists and immunologists is that viruses have evolved from bacteria. Although viruses do not exist in fossilized form, and all our knowledge about the life form comes only from what we have come to know of them in the twentieth century, the view is not without merit. The bacteria origin theory, which states that the viruses evolved from bacteria that did not need to survive outside the host cell, and hence lost much of the genetic material needed for the same,  fills in some of the unexplained blanks in human knowledge.  Another theory states that viruses may have evolved from the ‘escaped bits and pieces of’ the DNA and the RNA of larger organisms.
Once a virus attaches itself to a specific molecule on the surface of the host cell, it penetrates the host cell by fusing with it or by another technique called endocytosis. Since a virus needs specific molecules to attach itself to, it means that its host selection is very specific. Once inside the host cell, the virus loses its capsid, or the outer shell, either by self generated enzymes or by enzymes secreted by the host and exposes its core viral nucleic acid. Since living cells produce all the necessary proteins from the various amino acids that are a part of the food supply, viruses take the host cell hostage and force it to synthesize proteins that the host cell does not need. Once synthesized, these new proteins come together later to form new virus cells. Once an army of invasive viruses is ready, enzymes produced by them usually burst the cell wall of the host cell, and the viruses release themselves into the body of the organism. Usually, the host cell death in cases of infections takes place by a process called apoptosis or cell suicide in which the phagocytic bodies produced by the immune system of the host organism are able to engulf the fragments of the host cell before the damage spreads to surrounding cells. However, some cells seemingly remain healthy and carry latent viruses and show few or no signs of infection for months or even years.

In the passage given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Numerical weather prediction was a field initiated by Lewis Richardson in 1920s to forecast weather prediction. However, with the calculation of the weather pattern of one day took him more than fifteen weeks of preparation! It was in the 1950s, after the development of supercomputers, that the science of numerical weather prediction gained ground. With technology evolving at breakneck speed, the more powerful supercomputers are now able to compute millions of inputs and datasets to further increase the odds of weather prediction. However, because the formulae used in such calculations have innate imperfections, the errors resulting from the increasing inputs and datasets also grow along with our knowledge of the weather patterns.
Atmosphere is always in a state of flux, and that, in itself lengthens the odds of weather predictions being spot on. The atmospheric predictions are based upon a process that takes a sample of the fluid and by using thermodynamics equations, fluid dynamics, and millions of databases, estimates the state of the fluid at a time in the future. Since the sample of the fluid is taken as, but mathematically is not, the perfect representative of the state of the entire fluid, the long shot becomes an even longer shot.

Which of the following is a necessary assumption in the argument above?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Since it was founded in 1996, Al- Jazeera, the Arabic news channel operating out of Doha, has grown by leaps and bounds. The reasons for its success are not hard to find, the fact that it has been pretty much unbiased in its reporting has boosted its credibility among viewers across the globe. Its pro-democracy postulations earned it plaudits in the democratic world, but made some very powerful people in the Middle East its enemies too. Now with the democracy wave in the Middle East having crested, and Al- Jazeera’s success having spawned many other look-alike channels, it is certain that Al-Jazeera’s influence in the Middle East will see a decline.

Which of the following, if true, exposes a serious flaw in the argument made in the second sentence above?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Although allied with the United States in public, the governments of many Arab nations in the Middle East privately dislike America for supporting the Zionist State of Israel, which they see as the regional bully. The reasoning of these Arab governments is erroneous as United States is arming Israel only for the purpose of self-defense, as Israel is surrounded by hostile nation states.

What is the relationship between the two boldface sentences?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Over the past few years, the mushrooming of torrent download sites has dealt a severe blow to the revenues of the entertainment industry. Internet has become ubiquitous, and the torrent download sites have everything from books to magazines to TV shows to movies available for just the cost of a broadband connection. It stands to reason that the entertainment industry is under threat due to the advancement of the Information Technology industry.