Reading Comprehension

What of the following best describes the relationship between the two boldface sentences in the passage?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

The Venerable Father Michael J. McGivney founded the order of the Knights of Columbus in 1881 at a time when America was witnessing a renewed interest in the intrepid explorer who had discovered the country. Founded ten years prior to the 400th anniversary of Columbus discovering America, this organization, by its very name sought to bridge the ideological gap between the Irish American Catholics who founded the fraternity, and the immigrant Catholics of other nationalities. Another reason for the formation of this establishment was that the Catholics were either barred from other fraternities like the Freemasons, or were asked to give up their religious roots before being considered for membership. Father McGivney believed that Catholic belief and fraternization were not mutually exclusive, and that one did not have to give up his faith to do good for the community.
The fraternity works on the principles of charity, unity, and fraternity, the principles that were the very bedrock of its foundation. Knights of Columbus organize blood donation camps, raise money for charity, and offer annuity and insurance to millions in the nations that they operate in. According to one estimate, the Knights gave away more than one billion dollars in direct charity and through millions of manhours of volunteer work in 2010. Also, the Order takes special interest in supporting those with physical and mental disabilities, and has given away nearly $400 million towards the cause in the last three decades. Raising money for papal edicts is another focus area for the Order. The Order also helps those pursuing studies in theology to cover part of their tuition and other expenses. What started off as a concentrated effort to help its members have a fall back option in the time of ill health, and to replace the economic loss to a family in the event of one of its member brother dying, the Order is now ranked among Fortune 1000 companies in terms of annual turnover.

As per the passage, which of the following CANNOT be true about the Knights of Columbus Order?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

The Venerable Father Michael J. McGivney founded the order of the Knights of Columbus in 1881 at a time when America was witnessing a renewed interest in the intrepid explorer who had discovered the country. Founded ten years prior to the 400th anniversary of Columbus discovering America, this organization, by its very name sought to bridge the ideological gap between the Irish American Catholics who founded the fraternity, and the immigrant Catholics of other nationalities. Another reason for the formation of this establishment was that the Catholics were either barred from other fraternities like the Freemasons, or were asked to give up their religious roots before being considered for membership. Father McGivney believed that Catholic belief and fraternization were not mutually exclusive, and that one did not have to give up his faith to do good for the community.
The fraternity works on the principles of charity, unity, and fraternity, the principles that were the very bedrock of its foundation. Knights of Columbus organize blood donation camps, raise money for charity, and offer annuity and insurance to millions in the nations that they operate in. According to one estimate, the Knights gave away more than one billion dollars in direct charity and through millions of manhours of volunteer work in 2010. Also, the Order takes special interest in supporting those with physical and mental disabilities, and has given away nearly $400 million towards the cause in the last three decades. Raising money for papal edicts is another focus area for the Order. The Order also helps those pursuing studies in theology to cover part of their tuition and other expenses. What started off as a concentrated effort to help its members have a fall back option in the time of ill health, and to replace the economic loss to a family in the event of one of its member brother dying, the Order is now ranked among Fortune 1000 companies in terms of annual turnover.

In the context in which it appears, “touchstone” in sentence 4 most nearly means

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Life, they say, is the constant oscillation between the two horns of a dilemma. Going by the history of the Gold Standard, the quotation seems to be worth its weight in gold! Gold Standard allows the governments to sell gold bullion in exchange for circulating currency. Starting somewhere in 610 BC, gold has been the most trusted currency for trade and for determining the value of goods. Since the fascination with gold is rooted in the farthest reaches of recorded human history, it comes hardly as a surprise that alchemists tried for hundreds of years to find a touchstone that could convert base metals into gold. In the Middle Ages, gold coins issued by the Byzantine Empire were found throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.  The decline of the Byzantine Empire saw a decline in the use of gold as currency and silver became the de-facto medium for trade. However, Sir Isaac Newton, while the master of the Royal Mint, effected a new standard that put gold firmly in the driving seat, once again, as the choice medium for trade.
The Gold Standard, in effect, was the practice of backing circulating currency with full convertibility to gold. Since trade with China involved primarily imports, the cost had to be paid in precious metals, mainly silver. This led to an unprecedented shortfall in the availability of silver as a currency in Europe during the late eighteenth century. This prompted the central banks of European nations to substitute the coins with paper notes (also called bank notes). Since these notes were nothing but a substitute for the silver currency, they continued to be backed by their worth in gold. The first big body blow for the Gold Standard, which proved to be decisive in the long run, was the First World War. Faced with increasingly draining war effort, governments temporarily suspended the convertibility of the bank notes. Germany, after losing the war, could not move back to the gold standard as it had lost all its gold reserves towards war reparations. The process of printing deutschemarks, without backing of gold reserves, lead to hyperinflation in Germany, and drove the first nail in the coffin of Gold Reserve.

All of the following could be characteristic of film noire, EXCEPT:

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Film Noir is the collective classification given to movies that characterized the cynicism of the world in the immediate aftermath of World War 2. The films delved into the dark emotions of its characters and were often shot in dark locations to augment the dark, brooding nature of the movies. Pessimism, mistrust, insecurity, and even fear were the emotions that the film makers of the era tried to bring forth in their most primeval form. The main protagonists, the anti-heroes of the age were killers, sociopaths, and even the innocent fall-guys. The movies rarely had happy endings, and frequently ended with the anti-hero dying an un-glorious death. In spite of the age of film noir spanning more than two decades from the years of World War 2 to the 1960s, many critics and commentators do not ascribe the tag of a genre to the film noir age. They say that the movies just depict a mood and set the tone for the film.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

Which of the following are true as per the passage?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

In the eighteenth century, the relationship between a writer and his publisher could hardly be called a monochromatic one. The two were dependent upon each other for not only for their livelihood, but also for survival, almost in the most literal manner. Charles Baudelaire, whose poem- Les Fleur du Mal (Flowers of Evil) was banned in France because of its references to drugs, sex, and satan, is just one of the examples of how the lives of two were interconnected to an almost masochistic level. He and his publisher were both successfully prosecuted for printing a poem that allegedly offended public sentiments. Queen Mab, a controversial poem by Percy Shelley, which promoted the idea of a utopian world, un-marred by violent and bloody revolutions like the French Revolution, was deemed illegal in England. Though un-printed, the poem became the cause of the imprisonment of both Percy and William Clark, in whose bookstore a few of the copies of the poem were stored. Although the poem was meant for private circulation only, just the fact that the poem was stolen, pirated, and sold in the market by an unscrupulous shopkeeper, was enough to put both the men behind bars.
Today, the poet and the publisher are a part of a bigger system, small cogs in a big machine. Though persecution of a poet or a writer for ‘felt’ blasphemy is not unheard of- a fatwa issued by Ayatollah Khomeini against Salman Rushdie for sacrilege is a prime example- the very fact that they are both a part of a system that runs on money gives them certain immunity at the cost of taking away some of the liberty they enjoyed. As long as they need the money, they would stay close at heels, seemingly nipping at them, but not quite.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

In context of the passage, historically speaking, which of the following could be attributed to being a characteristic of following the Gold Standard?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Life, they say, is the constant oscillation between the two horns of a dilemma. Going by the history of the Gold Standard, the quotation seems to be worth its weight in gold! Gold Standard allows the governments to sell gold bullion in exchange for circulating currency. Starting somewhere in 610 BC, gold has been the most trusted currency for trade and for determining the value of goods. Since the fascination with gold is rooted in the farthest reaches of recorded human history, it comes hardly as a surprise that alchemists tried for hundreds of years to find a touchstone that could convert base metals into gold. In the Middle Ages, gold coins issued by the Byzantine Empire were found throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.  The decline of the Byzantine Empire saw a decline in the use of gold as currency and silver became the de-facto medium for trade. However, Sir Isaac Newton, while the master of the Royal Mint, effected a new standard that put gold firmly in the driving seat, once again, as the choice medium for trade.
The Gold Standard, in effect, was the practice of backing circulating currency with full convertibility to gold. Since trade with China involved primarily imports, the cost had to be paid in precious metals, mainly silver. This led to an unprecedented shortfall in the availability of silver as a currency in Europe during the late eighteenth century. This prompted the central banks of European nations to substitute the coins with paper notes (also called bank notes). Since these notes were nothing but a substitute for the silver currency, they continued to be backed by their worth in gold. The first big body blow for the Gold Standard, which proved to be decisive in the long run, was the First World War. Faced with increasingly draining war effort, governments temporarily suspended the convertibility of the bank notes. Germany, after losing the war, could not move back to the gold standard as it had lost all its gold reserves towards war reparations. The process of printing deutschemarks, without backing of gold reserves, lead to hyperinflation in Germany, and drove the first nail in the coffin of Gold Reserve.

Which of the following, if true, would create most doubt about film noir not being a legitimate genre?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Film Noir is the collective classification given to movies that characterized the cynicism of the world in the immediate aftermath of World War 2. The films delved into the dark emotions of its characters and were often shot in dark locations to augment the dark, brooding nature of the movies. Pessimism, mistrust, insecurity, and even fear were the emotions that the film makers of the era tried to bring forth in their most primeval form. The main protagonists, the anti-heroes of the age were killers, sociopaths, and even the innocent fall-guys. The movies rarely had happy endings, and frequently ended with the anti-hero dying an un-glorious death. In spite of the age of film noir spanning more than two decades from the years of World War 2 to the 1960s, many critics and commentators do not ascribe the tag of a genre to the film noir age. They say that the movies just depict a mood and set the tone for the film.

Average Economic growth of breakaway Soviet Republics is about 6% at present.

Direction: Below is given a passage followed by several possible inferences which can be drawn from the facts state in the passage. You have to examine each inference separately in the context of the passage and decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.

Mark answer (1)    if the inference is “definitely true” i.e. it properly follows from the statement of facts given.
Mark answer (2)    if the inference is “probably true” though not “definitely true” in the light of the facts given.
Mark answer (3)    if the data are inadequate i.e. from the facts given you cannot say whether the inference is likely to be true or false.
Mark answer (4)           if the inference is “probably false” though not “definitely false” in the light of the facts                                 given.
Mark answer (5)    if the inference is “definitely false” i.e. it cannot possibly be drawn from the facts given or it contradicts the given facts.

Sub-Saharan Africa whose GDP grew at less than 3% a year through entire 1990s, grew a 5.1% in 2004 and at 5.2% in 2005 and is projected to grow at 5.6% in the fiscal year ending 2006. In other words, India is growing about 1.5% a year faster than Sub-Saharan Africa, If India is merely doing somewhat better than the worst performing region in the world, there is no reason to get euphoric, Why is the world economy faring so well that even the worst historical performers are suddenly looking good ? Africans and the fragments of the former Soviet Union are patting themselves on the back for reforming and becoming so efficient. The world economy has hit a golden patch, and a rising global tide has lifted all boats, even the most pitiful ones. India has benefited from the rising tide like all others. But it is illusory to think that our policies and projects will always keep improving.

Directions: Look at the underlined part of the sentence. Below the sentence three possible substitutions are given for the underlined part. If one of the possible substitutions is better than the underlined part, indicate it as your answer. If none of the substitutions improves the sentence, indicate (4) as your answer. This passage is so difficult that I can't comprehend it.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Magical realism provides the reader with a unique perspective of the world -we look on it with new eyes. The reader must go beyond reality to understand magical realism. Magical realism may be related to certain academic fields such as psychology because of the state of mind one must use to really know what is happening.

Magical realism can be characterized in many ways. Mainly, it depends on one's own opinion, but for me reading certain selections about it, one can get basically the same point of view from it. "Meticulous craftsmen all, one finds them In the same preoccupation with style and also the same transformation of the common and everyday into the awesome and unreal"(Flores 114). The "awesome and the unreal" are characteristics that usually represent what magical realism is. Many magical realists use it in their selections to give readers a brief idea about magical realism. It is not just the everyday word or meaning to life. It is an outlook on what life has to give one if he or she is willing to look further into it.

In the psychological field, Victor Frankl discusses something called "will-to-meaning." Frankl says that in one life meaning is love for one's children to tie to; in another life, a talent to be used; in a third, perhaps only lingering memories worth preserving. In his studies, he stated that people survive to weave those slender threads of a broken life into a firm pattern of meaning and responsibility. Frankl poses three different lives in his theory. Either a person could be living one of the three or he or she could be living all three at one time. People just do not realize the magic. If one cannot find his or her "will-to-meaning in life, Frankl says that the sufferer fails to find meaning and a sense of responsibility in his existence. Later on, Frankl puts an answer issue to this by saying "A human suddenly realizes he has nothing to lose except his so ridiculously naked life." Frankl titles this idea as a mixed flow of emotion and apathy that is simply arresting. Also, Frankl gave a good meaning to his theory by quoting Nietzsche, "He who has a why to live can bear with almost any how." That quote was a really moving statement to me.

In the story Like Water For Chocolate, a young woman named Tita was haunted by her mother when she died. The love for a man made her mother haunt her because of Tita's disobedience to her mother after she had died. In relation to Frankl's ideas to this story, Tita had a reason to live as well as Frankl did. Frankl lived to write about what he had learned. His family all died in concentration camps with no meaning to life whatsoever. Tita at first thought she had no reason to live until meeting the love of her life. As Nietzsche said, "He who has a why to live can bear almost any how."

Magical realism relates to certain academic fields such as psychology because of the state of mind one must use to really know what is happening. In Frankl's will-to-meaning, like magical realism, one has to have a realization of what is going on and a "why and how" attitude towards it. Both are based upon the "real and unreal" where a person look upon things with other minds, not just a person's own natural state (psychologically)-(magically). I think magical realism has become more popular over the last sixty years because it is shown to be a relation to things used today in our academic fields. I think that if it was not used then it would not be as fun to learn about it. When there are more perspectives, learning is a lot more interesting.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Magical realism provides the reader with a unique perspective of the world -we look on it with new eyes. The reader must go beyond reality to understand magical realism. Magical realism may be related to certain academic fields such as psychology because of the state of mind one must use to really know what is happening.

Magical realism can be characterized in many ways. Mainly, it depends on one's own opinion, but for me reading certain selections about it, one can get basically the same point of view from it. "Meticulous craftsmen all, one finds them In the same preoccupation with style and also the same transformation of the common and everyday into the awesome and unreal"(Flores 114). The "awesome and the unreal" are characteristics that usually represent what magical realism is. Many magical realists use it in their selections to give readers a brief idea about magical realism. It is not just the everyday word or meaning to life. It is an outlook on what life has to give one if he or she is willing to look further into it.

In the psychological field, Victor Frankl discusses something called "will-to-meaning." Frankl says that in one life meaning is love for one's children to tie to; in another life, a talent to be used; in a third, perhaps only lingering memories worth preserving. In his studies, he stated that people survive to weave those slender threads of a broken life into a firm pattern of meaning and responsibility. Frankl poses three different lives in his theory. Either a person could be living one of the three or he or she could be living all three at one time. People just do not realize the magic. If one cannot find his or her "will-to-meaning in life, Frankl says that the sufferer fails to find meaning and a sense of responsibility in his existence. Later on, Frankl puts an answer issue to this by saying "A human suddenly realizes he has nothing to lose except his so ridiculously naked life." Frankl titles this idea as a mixed flow of emotion and apathy that is simply arresting. Also, Frankl gave a good meaning to his theory by quoting Nietzsche, "He who has a why to live can bear with almost any how." That quote was a really moving statement to me.

In the story Like Water For Chocolate, a young woman named Tita was haunted by her mother when she died. The love for a man made her mother haunt her because of Tita's disobedience to her mother after she had died. In relation to Frankl's ideas to this story, Tita had a reason to live as well as Frankl did. Frankl lived to write about what he had learned. His family all died in concentration camps with no meaning to life whatsoever. Tita at first thought she had no reason to live until meeting the love of her life. As Nietzsche said, "He who has a why to live can bear almost any how."

Magical realism relates to certain academic fields such as psychology because of the state of mind one must use to really know what is happening. In Frankl's will-to-meaning, like magical realism, one has to have a realization of what is going on and a "why and how" attitude towards it. Both are based upon the "real and unreal" where a person look upon things with other minds, not just a person's own natural state (psychologically)-(magically). I think magical realism has become more popular over the last sixty years because it is shown to be a relation to things used today in our academic fields. I think that if it was not used then it would not be as fun to learn about it. When there are more perspectives, learning is a lot more interesting.

What role does Tita's story play in the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Magical realism provides the reader with a unique perspective of the world -we look on it with new eyes. The reader must go beyond reality to understand magical realism. Magical realism may be related to certain academic fields such as psychology because of the state of mind one must use to really know what is happening.

Magical realism can be characterized in many ways. Mainly, it depends on one's own opinion, but for me reading certain selections about it, one can get basically the same point of view from it. "Meticulous craftsmen all, one finds them In the same preoccupation with style and also the same transformation of the common and everyday into the awesome and unreal"(Flores 114). The "awesome and the unreal" are characteristics that usually represent what magical realism is. Many magical realists use it in their selections to give readers a brief idea about magical realism. It is not just the everyday word or meaning to life. It is an outlook on what life has to give one if he or she is willing to look further into it.

In the psychological field, Victor Frankl discusses something called "will-to-meaning." Frankl says that in one life meaning is love for one's children to tie to; in another life, a talent to be used; in a third, perhaps only lingering memories worth preserving. In his studies, he stated that people survive to weave those slender threads of a broken life into a firm pattern of meaning and responsibility. Frankl poses three different lives in his theory. Either a person could be living one of the three or he or she could be living all three at one time. People just do not realize the magic. If one cannot find his or her "will-to-meaning in life, Frankl says that the sufferer fails to find meaning and a sense of responsibility in his existence. Later on, Frankl puts an answer issue to this by saying "A human suddenly realizes he has nothing to lose except his so ridiculously naked life." Frankl titles this idea as a mixed flow of emotion and apathy that is simply arresting. Also, Frankl gave a good meaning to his theory by quoting Nietzsche, "He who has a why to live can bear with almost any how." That quote was a really moving statement to me.

In the story Like Water For Chocolate, a young woman named Tita was haunted by her mother when she died. The love for a man made her mother haunt her because of Tita's disobedience to her mother after she had died. In relation to Frankl's ideas to this story, Tita had a reason to live as well as Frankl did. Frankl lived to write about what he had learned. His family all died in concentration camps with no meaning to life whatsoever. Tita at first thought she had no reason to live until meeting the love of her life. As Nietzsche said, "He who has a why to live can bear almost any how."

Magical realism relates to certain academic fields such as psychology because of the state of mind one must use to really know what is happening. In Frankl's will-to-meaning, like magical realism, one has to have a realization of what is going on and a "why and how" attitude towards it. Both are based upon the "real and unreal" where a person look upon things with other minds, not just a person's own natural state (psychologically)-(magically). I think magical realism has become more popular over the last sixty years because it is shown to be a relation to things used today in our academic fields. I think that if it was not used then it would not be as fun to learn about it. When there are more perspectives, learning is a lot more interesting.

What can be the best title for the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

To entertain any theory about revolution," writes John Dunn, "--and it is not even possible to identify just what events do constitute revolutions without assuming some theory about the meaning of revolution--is to assume a political posture.... The value-free study of revolutions is a logical impossibility for those who live in the real world" (Dunn, 1972: 1-2). For the student of revolutions the problem is complicated by the fact that the political postures assumed spontaneously by those who write or speak about them, and, if not careful, by himself or herself, are not necessarily coherent or consistent. We live in an era when rapid and fundamental change has become the norm in everyday life, so that the terms "revolution" and "revolutionary" extend far beyond the field of political science. Moreover, common discourse identifies them, much in the eighteenth-century manner, with progress and the improvement of life, so that, as advertising agencies understand only too well, the word "revolutionary," when attached to a new microwave oven as distinct from a political regime, will sell the product more effectively, even among those most passionately committed to the defense of the status quo against subversion.

Nevertheless, the primary political meaning of "revolution" remains profoundly controversial, as the historiography of the subject demonstrates, and as the debates surrounding the bicentenary of the French Revolution of 1789 demonstrate even more unmistakably. What usually happens to revolutions sufficiently distant from the present--and two centuries are, by the news agency standards that dominate our information, almost beyond the range of the remembered past--is that they are either transformed into nonrevolutions--that is, integrated into historical continuity or excluded from it as insignificant temporary interruptions--or else they are celebrated by public rites of passage suitable to the occasions that mark the birth of nations and/or regimes. They remain controversial only among historians. Thus the English Revolution or revolutions of the seventeenth century has been tacitly eliminated from political discourse: even in the tercentenary year of what used to be called the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 and the constituting event of British parliamentary sovereignty, its presence in public rhetoric has been subdued and marginal. On the other hand, a celebratory consensus has marked the various bicentenaries connected with the American Revolution, and even opponents of those aspects of it which are still--or again--highly controversial, such as its deliberate refusal to give public recognition to religion, would not dream of using this as an argument against it. Its public face, jubilees and centenaries apart, is that of a rite of passage in the life of the nation, independence (celebrated on the Fourth of July) taking its place after first settlement (celebrated on Thanksgiving).

Attempts to apply these two techniques of eliminating the controversial aspects of the French Revolution have been made, by republicans and by the political right respectively, and the contention that it achieved little or nothing other than what would have happened without it, and thus constitutes not a major transforming set of events but only a sort of stumble on the long path of French history, is one of the main weapons in the intellectual war against those who wish to celebrate its bicentenary. Yet these attempts have failed. On the one hand, the revolution never gained the general retrospective consensus without which such events cannot become harmless national birthdays, not even after World War II briefly eliminated from the political scene that French Right that defined itself by its rejection of 1789. On the contrary, since the revolution inspired not only the Left of the relatively remote past but also the contemporary Left, it could not but remain contentious. As is quite evident from the pre-bicentenary debates in France, the traditional opponents of 1789 have been reinforced by the opponents of 1917; by reactionaries who would not disclaim that label, by liberals who certainly would. Yet the antirevolutionary attempt to demote the revolution, or shunt it onto a sidetrack of French historical development, has also failed, since, if it had succeeded, it would no longer need to be seriously argued. Indeed, the mere project of trying to prove that the French Revolution is not an altogether major event in modern history must strike non-Frenchmen as brave and quixotic--that is, as absurd.

The term 'magic' is used in the following context in the passage except ___________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Magical realism provides the reader with a unique perspective of the world -we look on it with new eyes. The reader must go beyond reality to understand magical realism. Magical realism may be related to certain academic fields such as psychology because of the state of mind one must use to really know what is happening.

Magical realism can be characterized in many ways. Mainly, it depends on one's own opinion, but for me reading certain selections about it, one can get basically the same point of view from it. "Meticulous craftsmen all, one finds them In the same preoccupation with style and also the same transformation of the common and everyday into the awesome and unreal"(Flores 114). The "awesome and the unreal" are characteristics that usually represent what magical realism is. Many magical realists use it in their selections to give readers a brief idea about magical realism. It is not just the everyday word or meaning to life. It is an outlook on what life has to give one if he or she is willing to look further into it.

In the psychological field, Victor Frankl discusses something called "will-to-meaning." Frankl says that in one life meaning is love for one's children to tie to; in another life, a talent to be used; in a third, perhaps only lingering memories worth preserving. In his studies, he stated that people survive to weave those slender threads of a broken life into a firm pattern of meaning and responsibility. Frankl poses three different lives in his theory. Either a person could be living one of the three or he or she could be living all three at one time. People just do not realize the magic. If one cannot find his or her "will-to-meaning in life, Frankl says that the sufferer fails to find meaning and a sense of responsibility in his existence. Later on, Frankl puts an answer issue to this by saying "A human suddenly realizes he has nothing to lose except his so ridiculously naked life." Frankl titles this idea as a mixed flow of emotion and apathy that is simply arresting. Also, Frankl gave a good meaning to his theory by quoting Nietzsche, "He who has a why to live can bear with almost any how." That quote was a really moving statement to me.

In the story Like Water For Chocolate, a young woman named Tita was haunted by her mother when she died. The love for a man made her mother haunt her because of Tita's disobedience to her mother after she had died. In relation to Frankl's ideas to this story, Tita had a reason to live as well as Frankl did. Frankl lived to write about what he had learned. His family all died in concentration camps with no meaning to life whatsoever. Tita at first thought she had no reason to live until meeting the love of her life. As Nietzsche said, "He who has a why to live can bear almost any how."

Magical realism relates to certain academic fields such as psychology because of the state of mind one must use to really know what is happening. In Frankl's will-to-meaning, like magical realism, one has to have a realization of what is going on and a "why and how" attitude towards it. Both are based upon the "real and unreal" where a person look upon things with other minds, not just a person's own natural state (psychologically)-(magically). I think magical realism has become more popular over the last sixty years because it is shown to be a relation to things used today in our academic fields. I think that if it was not used then it would not be as fun to learn about it. When there are more perspectives, learning is a lot more interesting.

It can be inferred from the passage that a speech attempting to persuade people to act would fail if it does not __________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Modern linguists concern themselves with many different facets of language, from the physical properties of the sound waves in utterances to the intentions of speakers towards others in conversations and the social contexts in which conversations are embedded. The branches of linguistics are concerned with how languages are structured, how languages are used, and how they change.

Many views have been developed by linguists and philosophers to analyse languages. Those who wanted to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century adopted the "scientistic" view of language.

Of all the devices for dragooning the human spirit, the least clumsy was to procure its abortion in the womb of language; and those who were driven by the impulse to reduce the specifically human to a mechanical or animal regularity, continued to be increasingly irritated by the nature of the mother tongue and make it their point of attack.

Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. As the “scientist” thinkers believed that people should be regarded only as machines guided by logic, they considered rhetoric to be of low value; for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. Some of the rules for the argumentative essay are part of cultural expectations for any kind of discourse or communicative act: a coherent discourse has a beginning (intro, setting up the argument), middle (the argument itself with examples, support of claims, support of prior research, and/or close analysis of material) , and an end (a conclusion that ties up the argument and/or suggests broader implications or wider significance of the "middle".) Rhetoric first addressed the rational side of a person, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respect. Fully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a remarkable feature of rhetoric that it transcends the logical argumentative nature and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It tries to create an analogous situation to achieve it’s ends- by recalling relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances-real or fictional- that are similar to our own circumstances.

In Aristotle’s Rhetoric, he argues that the expression of reason is man’s highest attribute, and that all good things can be abused, so rhetoric is no different because there are some who abuse it. He also gives us a great deal comfort in our despair over the continued abuse of rhetoric; he says that the abuse of rhetoric will never be as strong as the right and proper use is.

The same is the case with historical accounts and fables which are always in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears.

Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. Furthermore, rhetoric is abstract because the basic skills of rhetoric apply across a wide range of situations. Any time you are in a situation that requires speech making, analysis, persuasion, detailed explanations, and so on, you are using rhetorical skills. Rhetoric, therefore, is a widespread ability that comes into play in many other subject areas. A teacher of biology, for instance, uses rhetoric, not in biology itself, but in the teaching and communicating of biology.

Rhetoric is important for it takes into account what the "scientistic" view leaves out. If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naïve; pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.

Rhetoric used in the context of poetry produced something called “the flowers of rhetoric.” The flowers of rhetoric were beautiful, interesting, or unique turns of phrase which decorated the poetry of the time. “Flowers of rhetoric” is synonymous with another term that is more familiar to us, i.e., something called “the figures of speech.” We still have the term “a figure of speech” today, but it means much less to us than it did in the Renaissance. Today we use the phrase “a figure of speech” to mean that it was something we didn’t really intend to say. It is a way to excuse an accidentally ill-mannered comment or something that is not quite politically correct. We say that it was just a figure of speech. We also use the term to refer to metaphors, similes, and several other language patterns. This usage, to identify language patterns, is at least accurate, but this still gives us a much diminished view of what figures of speech are. In the Renaissance, there were literally hundreds of language patterns that were considered figures of speech. Any elegant, unusual, or patterned turn of phrase was a figure of speech, and whole books were printed, such as Henry Peacham’s The Garden of Eloquence, listing and cataloguing all the figures of speech and examples of them taken from literature. Learning these patterns and employing them in poetry and letters was fundamental to the education and the culture of the Renaissance. It was a time when people in all educated walks of life were cultured and literary.