Reading Comprehension

What is the critical completion of the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

It is the arbitrary exemptions from the law provided to the privileged - often violent - sections among the less privileged that are the basis of the widespread sense of injustice, and of the collapse of the authority and legitimacy of the justice system, that would be more correctly identified as the    'root cause' of the pervasive sense of injury than any other failure of the state. Yet, we are constantly told, that we must create even more exceptions to the application of the law to accommodate these forces of violent disruption in order to address this sense of injury.

Which of the following, if true, could seriously weaken the premises of the given argument?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Serious concern has been expressed by analysts over the declining budget outlays for US defense, especially in view of the continuing threat perception to its security.

During the present President’s tenure, the budget has showed an increase of 5% each year in contrast with the previous regime, during which the annual rate of budget increase was 9%. Evidently, the slim budgets have played havoc with American plans of re-emerging as a major global military power. With a drop in defense spending, a lot of projects still remain pending.

Which of the following is a major problem in uncovering the genetic basis of autism in terms of the conventional approach?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Autism has a strong genetic component: With one identical twin autistic, the other has a 70 percent chance of having it, a risk 10 times that of fraternal twins. Yet great, unsuccessful effort has been spent looking for its genetics. To Wigler, the key lies in spontaneous mutations - novel alterations in the parental germ line of the offspring. Last year he formed a controversial theory for it. It suggests that females, who develop autism with a 1/4th frequency with which males do, may carry the genetic profile for it.

Wigler attributes the failure of conventional studies to their studies on families with more than one autistic child to search for differences in one genetic base. These differences could be any alteration in a base called SNPs.  Uncovering SNPs shared by affected people would uncover high-risk people. The problem is locating the same target: they have implicated loci on 20 of the 23 human chromosomal pairs.

In his first autistic research, Wigler, with Sebat, tried to determine the role of spontaneous mutations, called copy number variations. Before human genome sequencing, researchers thought an individual always had two copies of a gene. In 2004, the team showed that even in healthy individuals, they could go missing from (or be added to) the genome via genetic rearrangements. Studies on families with only one autistic member showed that up to 10 percent of non-inherited autism cases could be caused by these rearrangements. They found that the structural events were primarily deletions, leaving individuals with only one copy of a particular gene and leading, sometimes, to its functional disruption.

Later, Wigler unveiled a unified genetic theory, which he cobbled together by examining families with multiple autistic individuals and incorporating both hereditary and spontaneous events. Focusing on families with the first two children affected, he found that third-born male children have a 50 percent risk of acquiring the disorder, whereas the risk for third-born girls is closer to 20 percent. From there, Wigler developed a two-tiered hypothesis: The majority fall into the low-risk category, having spontaneous mutation. Contrarily, high-risk families - 25 percent of all, manifest the disease when an unaffected individual, mostly female, carries a sporadic mutation. In case of a male, the chances are roughly half.

Although Wigler’s model is seen as a simpler way to view the genetics of autism, others find it incomplete. Critics note that it does not explain observations of families with an autistic child in which either second- or third-degree relatives are also affected or in which first-degree relatives show mild symptoms. And the model fails to explain why girls do not get autism as frequently as boys. Wigler believes that more data might help prove him. For instance, the girl-boy discrepancy could be explained if the genetic modifiers are sex-specific, an effect that might become apparent if researchers look at cases in which a normal mother has an autistic daughter.

Which of the following is most nearly CORRECT in he context of the above passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Autism has a strong genetic component: With one identical twin autistic, the other has a 70 percent chance of having it, a risk 10 times that of fraternal twins. Yet great, unsuccessful effort has been spent looking for its genetics. To Wigler, the key lies in spontaneous mutations - novel alterations in the parental germ line of the offspring. Last year he formed a controversial theory for it. It suggests that females, who develop autism with a 1/4th frequency with which males do, may carry the genetic profile for it.

Wigler attributes the failure of conventional studies to their studies on families with more than one autistic child to search for differences in one genetic base. These differences could be any alteration in a base called SNPs.  Uncovering SNPs shared by affected people would uncover high-risk people. The problem is locating the same target: they have implicated loci on 20 of the 23 human chromosomal pairs.

In his first autistic research, Wigler, with Sebat, tried to determine the role of spontaneous mutations, called copy number variations. Before human genome sequencing, researchers thought an individual always had two copies of a gene. In 2004, the team showed that even in healthy individuals, they could go missing from (or be added to) the genome via genetic rearrangements. Studies on families with only one autistic member showed that up to 10 percent of non-inherited autism cases could be caused by these rearrangements. They found that the structural events were primarily deletions, leaving individuals with only one copy of a particular gene and leading, sometimes, to its functional disruption.

Later, Wigler unveiled a unified genetic theory, which he cobbled together by examining families with multiple autistic individuals and incorporating both hereditary and spontaneous events. Focusing on families with the first two children affected, he found that third-born male children have a 50 percent risk of acquiring the disorder, whereas the risk for third-born girls is closer to 20 percent. From there, Wigler developed a two-tiered hypothesis: The majority fall into the low-risk category, having spontaneous mutation. Contrarily, high-risk families - 25 percent of all, manifest the disease when an unaffected individual, mostly female, carries a sporadic mutation. In case of a male, the chances are roughly half.

Although Wigler’s model is seen as a simpler way to view the genetics of autism, others find it incomplete. Critics note that it does not explain observations of families with an autistic child in which either second- or third-degree relatives are also affected or in which first-degree relatives show mild symptoms. And the model fails to explain why girls do not get autism as frequently as boys. Wigler believes that more data might help prove him. For instance, the girl-boy discrepancy could be explained if the genetic modifiers are sex-specific, an effect that might become apparent if researchers look at cases in which a normal mother has an autistic daughter.

All the following are characteristics of the people sitting at the father's table, except

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

When universal darkness strikes, a cheering gleam appears within the folds of conservative Christianity. While religious leaders are mere substitute of true spiritual teachers, they are just preaching the Gospel of Christ without even understanding the true potency of the verses. They teach lofty sermons but their lives are devoid of the truths they preach.

There are a few who really care. They are the ones who truly desire God. They go by the laws of virtue, endorsed by Christianity, in the hope that they would evolve as the true sons of God. They are the starved souls who can get satisfaction from God Himself and not from the leaders seated at the father’s table.

The few who fear God have a growing hunger for knowledge about Him. Their life revolves around the peripherals of spiritualism. But their souls are still full of discontent seeking the right interpretation of Truth. Still they are the only harbingers of revival. They are small in number but they are the future precursors of religion, our only hope.

Which of the following purposes is served by the first paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Autism has a strong genetic component: With one identical twin autistic, the other has a 70 percent chance of having it, a risk 10 times that of fraternal twins. Yet great, unsuccessful effort has been spent looking for its genetics. To Wigler, the key lies in spontaneous mutations - novel alterations in the parental germ line of the offspring. Last year he formed a controversial theory for it. It suggests that females, who develop autism with a 1/4th frequency with which males do, may carry the genetic profile for it.

Wigler attributes the failure of conventional studies to their studies on families with more than one autistic child to search for differences in one genetic base. These differences could be any alteration in a base called SNPs.  Uncovering SNPs shared by affected people would uncover high-risk people. The problem is locating the same target: they have implicated loci on 20 of the 23 human chromosomal pairs.

In his first autistic research, Wigler, with Sebat, tried to determine the role of spontaneous mutations, called copy number variations. Before human genome sequencing, researchers thought an individual always had two copies of a gene. In 2004, the team showed that even in healthy individuals, they could go missing from (or be added to) the genome via genetic rearrangements. Studies on families with only one autistic member showed that up to 10 percent of non-inherited autism cases could be caused by these rearrangements. They found that the structural events were primarily deletions, leaving individuals with only one copy of a particular gene and leading, sometimes, to its functional disruption.

Later, Wigler unveiled a unified genetic theory, which he cobbled together by examining families with multiple autistic individuals and incorporating both hereditary and spontaneous events. Focusing on families with the first two children affected, he found that third-born male children have a 50 percent risk of acquiring the disorder, whereas the risk for third-born girls is closer to 20 percent. From there, Wigler developed a two-tiered hypothesis: The majority fall into the low-risk category, having spontaneous mutation. Contrarily, high-risk families - 25 percent of all, manifest the disease when an unaffected individual, mostly female, carries a sporadic mutation. In case of a male, the chances are roughly half.

Although Wigler’s model is seen as a simpler way to view the genetics of autism, others find it incomplete. Critics note that it does not explain observations of families with an autistic child in which either second- or third-degree relatives are also affected or in which first-degree relatives show mild symptoms. And the model fails to explain why girls do not get autism as frequently as boys. Wigler believes that more data might help prove him. For instance, the girl-boy discrepancy could be explained if the genetic modifiers are sex-specific, an effect that might become apparent if researchers look at cases in which a normal mother has an autistic daughter.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

A very interesting legal, moral and ethical war is being fought in the corridors of power in California these days. Californians, along with the rest of the Americans are going to the midterm electoral voting and apart from electing representatives to the Houses of government, they alone will also be voting on something called Article-19 which is basically a public referendum on the legalization of the home growing and self-consumption of Cannabis. The slugfest isn’t likely to be one-sided or even pretty with the proponents on both sides of the clearly demarcated raging line of fire invoking anything and everything to bolster their point of view. God, freedom of choice, disempowerment of the drug cartels, a steroidal kick start to the rapidly sinking economy, innate prejudices and just plain old  and countless other factors make this issue a melting pot that is the mother of all disagreements.

At the heart of the matter is perhaps the fact that America remains deep down a very conservative nation, irrespective of its postulations and reputation to the contrary and something that has been a part of the lifestyle for so long will take some beating to get rid of. Opponents of the Article cite the societal, financial and health damage caused by the legalized drugs like tobacco and alcohol whereas the rooters for the drug affectionately called Mary Jane cite the same reasons, with no dearth of logic, in favor of the legalization of what is easily the most used drug in the world. They say that legalizing the drug’s home cultivation and consumption, while keeping in place the laws on the sale of the same, will dismember the ability of the Mexican drug cartels to buy more guns and goons to further their nefarious designs and also that doing away with the criminalization of the drug will ensure that the government will earn a lot in revenue as taxes from Cannabis growers. They also point towards research that suggests that Pot perhaps isn’t as harmful to the human body as the other legalized drugs which rake in millions of dollars every year for the government in tax money. After all, wasn’t the prohibition during the thirties more harmful than good and didn’t lifting it lead to the demise of the clout of the bootleggers? What is surprising is the fact that cannabis was legal in California up until seven decades ago and that in itself gives strength to the voices of those who are championing for giving the drug an above the board status. They cite evidence showing that prisons are overcrowded, justice and police departments overworked and trials delayed due to the intransigence of the federal government in waking up to the fact that freeing the authorities of looking out for these petty misdemeanors will allow them to work at catching real criminals while letting the peaceniks have a drag.

Which of the following could have been the most suitable title for the above passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Autism has a strong genetic component: With one identical twin autistic, the other has a 70 percent chance of having it, a risk 10 times that of fraternal twins. Yet great, unsuccessful effort has been spent looking for its genetics. To Wigler, the key lies in spontaneous mutations - novel alterations in the parental germ line of the offspring. Last year he formed a controversial theory for it. It suggests that females, who develop autism with a 1/4th frequency with which males do, may carry the genetic profile for it.

Wigler attributes the failure of conventional studies to their studies on families with more than one autistic child to search for differences in one genetic base. These differences could be any alteration in a base called SNPs.  Uncovering SNPs shared by affected people would uncover high-risk people. The problem is locating the same target: they have implicated loci on 20 of the 23 human chromosomal pairs.

In his first autistic research, Wigler, with Sebat, tried to determine the role of spontaneous mutations, called copy number variations. Before human genome sequencing, researchers thought an individual always had two copies of a gene. In 2004, the team showed that even in healthy individuals, they could go missing from (or be added to) the genome via genetic rearrangements. Studies on families with only one autistic member showed that up to 10 percent of non-inherited autism cases could be caused by these rearrangements. They found that the structural events were primarily deletions, leaving individuals with only one copy of a particular gene and leading, sometimes, to its functional disruption.

Later, Wigler unveiled a unified genetic theory, which he cobbled together by examining families with multiple autistic individuals and incorporating both hereditary and spontaneous events. Focusing on families with the first two children affected, he found that third-born male children have a 50 percent risk of acquiring the disorder, whereas the risk for third-born girls is closer to 20 percent. From there, Wigler developed a two-tiered hypothesis: The majority fall into the low-risk category, having spontaneous mutation. Contrarily, high-risk families - 25 percent of all, manifest the disease when an unaffected individual, mostly female, carries a sporadic mutation. In case of a male, the chances are roughly half.

Although Wigler’s model is seen as a simpler way to view the genetics of autism, others find it incomplete. Critics note that it does not explain observations of families with an autistic child in which either second- or third-degree relatives are also affected or in which first-degree relatives show mild symptoms. And the model fails to explain why girls do not get autism as frequently as boys. Wigler believes that more data might help prove him. For instance, the girl-boy discrepancy could be explained if the genetic modifiers are sex-specific, an effect that might become apparent if researchers look at cases in which a normal mother has an autistic daughter.

The phrase 'harbingers of revival' has been used for

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

When universal darkness strikes, a cheering gleam appears within the folds of conservative Christianity. While religious leaders are mere substitute of true spiritual teachers, they are just preaching the Gospel of Christ without even understanding the true potency of the verses. They teach lofty sermons but their lives are devoid of the truths they preach.

There are a few who really care. They are the ones who truly desire God. They go by the laws of virtue, endorsed by Christianity, in the hope that they would evolve as the true sons of God. They are the starved souls who can get satisfaction from God Himself and not from the leaders seated at the father’s table.

The few who fear God have a growing hunger for knowledge about Him. Their life revolves around the peripherals of spiritualism. But their souls are still full of discontent seeking the right interpretation of Truth. Still they are the only harbingers of revival. They are small in number but they are the future precursors of religion, our only hope.

Which of the options critically completes the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Many surveys and studies have been conducted asking buyers what traits they value most in sellers. This information is invaluable for those who truly want to be toward the top of the sales profession. Some of the traits buyers say they want to see in sellers are their being: honest, knowledgeable, organized, punctual, solution-oriented, and empathic. For some sellers, these come very naturally, while for others perhaps it’s a constant struggle to exhibit these traits.
Nearly all the traits can be summed up in one word _________.

What assumption does the author make to reach the conclusion?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Tastes of people for travel destinations have changed manifold over the last few years. A recent survey revealed that sixty percent of people preferred going to mountains for vacations which is more than twice the preference in last year’s survey. Happy Home group of hotels has decided to shut down the operation of three of its resorts in coastal part of the country. Other hotels, operational in tourist spots in adjacent areas, will also suffer in the coming years.

If the argument above is true, which of the following must also be true?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

The investigative journalists and the public at large believe that the bombings in Wreckville were politically inspired. However, the government report on the same day called it a racially motivated heinous act. During the last 5 years, all the terrorist strikes conducted by Dukhara, the world’s largest terrorist group, had a racial background. It is, therefore, certain that the attack on Wreckville was wrongly ascribed to the government agencies and the investigative reports were inspired by extraneous considerations.

Which of the following, if true, could best resolve the conflict of the argument?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

24-hour news channels provide round the clock news and news analysis, apart from sprinkling of entertainment. They have been doing roaring business and the number of channels has mushroomed. An increasing trend has recently been noticed where people switch on the news channels only to watch the headline news, after which they quickly change to entertainment or sports channels. The TRPs of these channels have not taken a nosedive, not yet in any case.

What is the inherent, if misplaced, assumption of CRT wholesalers?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

In a market study it was observed that for their homes people now prefer buying LCD screens to the old school CRT monitors. The drop in the sales of the CRT monitors and TV units is evidence that the future is dark for the CRT market. Last week the telecom ministry published a tender for more than 500 computer monitors. The CRT wholesalers sending their bids are very pessimistic about getting this order.

Which of the following is most logically being conveyed by the argument above?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

English has become the Lingua Franca of the world. The countries where English was once considered to be a difficult language now promote it as the medium of education, thus adding to its acceptance all over the world. Earlier, on trips to various countries for work or pleasure, one would find it difficult to communicate with the natives. Now if you know how to read, write and speak English, you can travel to any part of the world and have no trouble talking to the local people.