Reading Comprehension

Find out the appropriate word in each case.

Directions: Complete the following passage by answering the questio that follows.

Find out the appropriate word in each case.

Directions: Complete the following passage by answering the questio that follows.

Find out the appropriate word in each case.

Directions: Complete the following passage by answering the questio that follows.

Find out the appropriate word in each case.

Directions: Complete the following passage by answering the questio that follows.

Find out the appropriate word in each case.

Directions: Complete the following passage by answering the questio that follows.

The deadliness of the flu virus resides in the following except _______________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Worth a Pound of Cure - Catching the flu--the right way

A global influenza pandemic is closer than at any time in a generation. Klaus Stöhr, head of flu surveillance at the World Health Organization, made that uncharacteristically dramatic declaration back in November, before convening an emergency summit of vaccine manufacturers and national health agency officials. The reason was the escalating avian influenza crisis in 10 Asian countries, which poses a direct threat to human health.

Because the avian virus, known as H5N1, is lethal in chickens, identifying local outbreaks was easy. Stöhr was alarmed by evidence that the virus is also widespread in the region's domestic ducks, which show no symptoms. With asymptomatic ducks waddling through barnyards, backyards and kitchens shedding virus, hope of stamping out this largest avian flu outbreak in history has dimmed. And the likelihood of human exposure to the virus, which could spark a pandemic, has increased. "We know the recipe, and all the ingredients are there," Stöhr said.

Flu pandemics are caused by viruses with surface proteins unfamiliar to human immune systems. In the pandemic strains of 1957 and 1968, such proteins came from flu viruses that previously infected only birds. That was possible because flu is a promiscuous gene swapper. If an avian strain meets flu strain adapted to spreading among mammals, their progeny may possess the deadly combination of protein novelty and easy transmissibility between humans. The exchange can happen inside animal hosts susceptible to both avian and human flu strains, such as pigs. Or it might happen inside a farmer's child infected with this season's circulating human flu strain, whose healthy-looking pet duckling then gives her H5N1. In the past year more than 40 people in Thailand and Vietnam have already contracted the avian virus, and more than 30 of them have died from it.

Beginning on page 62 of this issue, Jeffery K. Taubenberger and his colleagues describe their resurrection, literally from the grave, of the virus that killed upward of 40 million people in 1918–1919. And they offer a chilling conclusion about its origin. Although certain genes in that virus may have come from a bird strain, the genes look as though they spent significant time evolving in yet another animal before the virus emerged among humans. This unknown source of the 1918 pandemic might even have been a type of bird or animal that we don't recognize as a flu carrier.

Systematic surveillance for influenza is currently limited to humans, chickens, swine and horses, with wild waterfowl and shore birds tested less regularly. But few of these samples are closely analyzed, and scientists do not know the dynamics or true scope of the influenza ecosystem. The National Institutes of Health just announced plans to sequence the genomes of existing flu samples. In addition, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and several partners want to create a high-capacity laboratory network dedicated to expanding flu surveillance capability and molecular analysis of influenza viruses. Studying how they evolve and move through human and animal populations might identify new flu reservoirs and enable the emergence of new strains to be predicted.

Start-up costs would equal the price of the two million emergency H5N1 vaccine doses the Department of Health and Human Services ordered in September. The money would be well spent for an ounce of prevention against future flu pandemics.

What is the most important role of the first paragraph in the organization of the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

What is economic power? It is the power to produce and to trade what one has produced. In a free economy, where no man or group of men can use physical coercion against anyone, economic power can be achieved only by voluntary means: by the voluntary choice and agreement of all those who participate in the process of production and trade. In a free market, all prices, wages, and profits are determined – not by the arbitrary whim of the rich or of the poor, not by anyone’s “greed” or by anyone’s need – but by the law of supply and demand.

The mechanism of a free market reflects and sums up all the economic choices and decisions made by all the participants. Men trade their goods or services by mutual consent to mutual advantage, according to their own independent, uncoerced judgment. A man can grow rich only if he is able to offer better values – better products or services, at a lower price – than others are able to offer.

Wealth, in a free market, is achieved by a free, general, “democratic” vote – by the sales and the purchases of every individual who takes part in the economic life of the country. Whenever you buy one product rather than another, you are voting for the success of some manufacturer. And, in this type of voting, every man votes only on those matters which he is qualified to judge: on his own preferences, interests, and needs. No one has the power to decide for others or to substitute his judgment for theirs; no one has the power to appoint himself “the voice of the public” and to lave the public voiceless and disfranchised.

What is the central idea of the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Look past the range of the moment, you who cry that you fear to compete with men of superior intelligence, that their mind is a threat to your livelihood, that the strong leave no chance to the weak in a market of voluntary trade . . . When you live in a rational society, where men are free to trade, you receive an incalculable bonus: the material value of your work is determined not only by your effort, but by the effort of the best productive minds who exist in the world around you . . .

The machine, the frozen form of a living intelligence is the power that expends the potential of your life by raising the productivity of your time. . . Every man is free to rise as far as he’s able or willing, but it’s only the degree to which he thinks that determines the degree to which he’ll rise. Physical labor as such can extend no further than the range of the moment. The man who does no more than physical labor, consumes the material value-equivalent of his own contribution to the process of production, and leaves no further value, neither for himself nor others. But the man who produces an idea in any field of rational endeavor – the man who discovers new knowledge – is the permanent benefactor of humanity. . . It is only the value of an idea that can be shared with unlimited numbers of men, making all shares richer at no one’s sacrifice or loss, raising the productive capacity of whatever labor they perform. . . .

In proportion to the mental energy he spent, the man who creates a new invention receives but a small percentage of his value in terms of material payment, no matter what fortune he makes, no matter what millions he earns. But the man who works as a janitor in the factory producing that invention, receives an enormous payment in proportion to the mental effort that his job requires of him. And the same is true of all men between, on all levels of ambition and ability. The man at the top of the intellectual pyramid contributes the most of all those below him, but gets nothing except his material payment, receiving no intellectual bonus from others to add to the value of his time. The man at the bottom who, left to himself, would starve in his hopeless ineptitude, contributes nothing to those above him, but receives the bonus of all of their brains. Such is the nature of the “competition” between the strong and the weak of the intellect. Such is the pattern of “exploitation” for which you have damned the strong.

Following can be derived about today's education system from the passage except _______________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

The disgracefully low level of education in America today is the predictable result of a State-controlled school system. Schooling, to a marked extent, has become a status symbol and a ritual. More and more people are entering college – and fewer and fewer people are emerging properly educated. Our educational system is like a vast bureaucracy, a vast civil service, in which the trend is towards a policy of considering everything about a teacher’s qualifications (such as the number of his publications) except his teaching ability; and of considering everything about a student’s qualifications (such as his “social adaptability”) except his intellectual competence.
The solution is to bring the field of education into the marketplace.

There is an urgent economic need for education. When educational institutions have to compete with one another in the quality of the training they offer – when they have to compete for the value that will be attached to the diplomas they issue – educational standards will necessarily rise. When they have to compete for the services of the best teachers, the teachers who will attract the greatest number of students, then the caliber of teaching – and of teachers’ salaries – will necessarily rise. (Today, the most talented teachers often abandon their profession and enter private industry, where they know their efforts will be better rewarded.) When the economic principles that have resulted in the superlative efficiency of American industry are permitted to operate in the field of education, the result will be a revolution, in the direction of unprecedented educational development and growth.

Education should be liberated from the control or intervention of government, and turned over to profit-making private enterprise, not because education is unimportant, but because education is so crucially important.

What must be challenged is the prevalent belief that education is some sort of “natural right” – in effect, a free gift of nature. There are no such free gifts. But it is in the interests of statism to foster this delusion – in order to throw a smokescreen over the issue of whose freedom must be sacrificed to pay for such “free gifts.”

As a result of the fact that education has been tax-supported for such a long time, most people find it difficult to project an alternative. Yet there is nothing unique about education that distinguishes it from the many other human needs which are filled by private enterprise.

It can be inferred from the passage that ________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Look past the range of the moment, you who cry that you fear to compete with men of superior intelligence, that their mind is a threat to your livelihood, that the strong leave no chance to the weak in a market of voluntary trade . . . When you live in a rational society, where men are free to trade, you receive an incalculable bonus: the material value of your work is determined not only by your effort, but by the effort of the best productive minds who exist in the world around you . . .

The machine, the frozen form of a living intelligence is the power that expends the potential of your life by raising the productivity of your time. . . Every man is free to rise as far as he’s able or willing, but it’s only the degree to which he thinks that determines the degree to which he’ll rise. Physical labor as such can extend no further than the range of the moment. The man who does no more than physical labor, consumes the material value-equivalent of his own contribution to the process of production, and leaves no further value, neither for himself nor others. But the man who produces an idea in any field of rational endeavor – the man who discovers new knowledge – is the permanent benefactor of humanity. . . It is only the value of an idea that can be shared with unlimited numbers of men, making all shares richer at no one’s sacrifice or loss, raising the productive capacity of whatever labor they perform. . . .

In proportion to the mental energy he spent, the man who creates a new invention receives but a small percentage of his value in terms of material payment, no matter what fortune he makes, no matter what millions he earns. But the man who works as a janitor in the factory producing that invention, receives an enormous payment in proportion to the mental effort that his job requires of him. And the same is true of all men between, on all levels of ambition and ability. The man at the top of the intellectual pyramid contributes the most of all those below him, but gets nothing except his material payment, receiving no intellectual bonus from others to add to the value of his time. The man at the bottom who, left to himself, would starve in his hopeless ineptitude, contributes nothing to those above him, but receives the bonus of all of their brains. Such is the nature of the “competition” between the strong and the weak of the intellect. Such is the pattern of “exploitation” for which you have damned the strong.

The primary purpose of the passage is ______________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Worth a Pound of Cure - Catching the flu--the right way

A global influenza pandemic is closer than at any time in a generation. Klaus Stöhr, head of flu surveillance at the World Health Organization, made that uncharacteristically dramatic declaration back in November, before convening an emergency summit of vaccine manufacturers and national health agency officials. The reason was the escalating avian influenza crisis in 10 Asian countries, which poses a direct threat to human health.

Because the avian virus, known as H5N1, is lethal in chickens, identifying local outbreaks was easy. Stöhr was alarmed by evidence that the virus is also widespread in the region's domestic ducks, which show no symptoms. With asymptomatic ducks waddling through barnyards, backyards and kitchens shedding virus, hope of stamping out this largest avian flu outbreak in history has dimmed. And the likelihood of human exposure to the virus, which could spark a pandemic, has increased. "We know the recipe, and all the ingredients are there," Stöhr said.

Flu pandemics are caused by viruses with surface proteins unfamiliar to human immune systems. In the pandemic strains of 1957 and 1968, such proteins came from flu viruses that previously infected only birds. That was possible because flu is a promiscuous gene swapper. If an avian strain meets flu strain adapted to spreading among mammals, their progeny may possess the deadly combination of protein novelty and easy transmissibility between humans. The exchange can happen inside animal hosts susceptible to both avian and human flu strains, such as pigs. Or it might happen inside a farmer's child infected with this season's circulating human flu strain, whose healthy-looking pet duckling then gives her H5N1. In the past year more than 40 people in Thailand and Vietnam have already contracted the avian virus, and more than 30 of them have died from it.

Beginning on page 62 of this issue, Jeffery K. Taubenberger and his colleagues describe their resurrection, literally from the grave, of the virus that killed upward of 40 million people in 1918–1919. And they offer a chilling conclusion about its origin. Although certain genes in that virus may have come from a bird strain, the genes look as though they spent significant time evolving in yet another animal before the virus emerged among humans. This unknown source of the 1918 pandemic might even have been a type of bird or animal that we don't recognize as a flu carrier.

Systematic surveillance for influenza is currently limited to humans, chickens, swine and horses, with wild waterfowl and shore birds tested less regularly. But few of these samples are closely analyzed, and scientists do not know the dynamics or true scope of the influenza ecosystem. The National Institutes of Health just announced plans to sequence the genomes of existing flu samples. In addition, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and several partners want to create a high-capacity laboratory network dedicated to expanding flu surveillance capability and molecular analysis of influenza viruses. Studying how they evolve and move through human and animal populations might identify new flu reservoirs and enable the emergence of new strains to be predicted.

Start-up costs would equal the price of the two million emergency H5N1 vaccine doses the Department of Health and Human Services ordered in September. The money would be well spent for an ounce of prevention against future flu pandemics.

Which of the following adjective can be best attributed to the avian virus?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Worth a Pound of Cure - Catching the flu--the right way

A global influenza pandemic is closer than at any time in a generation. Klaus Stöhr, head of flu surveillance at the World Health Organization, made that uncharacteristically dramatic declaration back in November, before convening an emergency summit of vaccine manufacturers and national health agency officials. The reason was the escalating avian influenza crisis in 10 Asian countries, which poses a direct threat to human health.

Because the avian virus, known as H5N1, is lethal in chickens, identifying local outbreaks was easy. Stöhr was alarmed by evidence that the virus is also widespread in the region's domestic ducks, which show no symptoms. With asymptomatic ducks waddling through barnyards, backyards and kitchens shedding virus, hope of stamping out this largest avian flu outbreak in history has dimmed. And the likelihood of human exposure to the virus, which could spark a pandemic, has increased. "We know the recipe, and all the ingredients are there," Stöhr said.

Flu pandemics are caused by viruses with surface proteins unfamiliar to human immune systems. In the pandemic strains of 1957 and 1968, such proteins came from flu viruses that previously infected only birds. That was possible because flu is a promiscuous gene swapper. If an avian strain meets flu strain adapted to spreading among mammals, their progeny may possess the deadly combination of protein novelty and easy transmissibility between humans. The exchange can happen inside animal hosts susceptible to both avian and human flu strains, such as pigs. Or it might happen inside a farmer's child infected with this season's circulating human flu strain, whose healthy-looking pet duckling then gives her H5N1. In the past year more than 40 people in Thailand and Vietnam have already contracted the avian virus, and more than 30 of them have died from it.

Beginning on page 62 of this issue, Jeffery K. Taubenberger and his colleagues describe their resurrection, literally from the grave, of the virus that killed upward of 40 million people in 1918–1919. And they offer a chilling conclusion about its origin. Although certain genes in that virus may have come from a bird strain, the genes look as though they spent significant time evolving in yet another animal before the virus emerged among humans. This unknown source of the 1918 pandemic might even have been a type of bird or animal that we don't recognize as a flu carrier.

Systematic surveillance for influenza is currently limited to humans, chickens, swine and horses, with wild waterfowl and shore birds tested less regularly. But few of these samples are closely analyzed, and scientists do not know the dynamics or true scope of the influenza ecosystem. The National Institutes of Health just announced plans to sequence the genomes of existing flu samples. In addition, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and several partners want to create a high-capacity laboratory network dedicated to expanding flu surveillance capability and molecular analysis of influenza viruses. Studying how they evolve and move through human and animal populations might identify new flu reservoirs and enable the emergence of new strains to be predicted.

Start-up costs would equal the price of the two million emergency H5N1 vaccine doses the Department of Health and Human Services ordered in September. The money would be well spent for an ounce of prevention against future flu pandemics.

The primary purpose of the passage is __________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

What is economic power? It is the power to produce and to trade what one has produced. In a free economy, where no man or group of men can use physical coercion against anyone, economic power can be achieved only by voluntary means: by the voluntary choice and agreement of all those who participate in the process of production and trade. In a free market, all prices, wages, and profits are determined – not by the arbitrary whim of the rich or of the poor, not by anyone’s “greed” or by anyone’s need – but by the law of supply and demand.

The mechanism of a free market reflects and sums up all the economic choices and decisions made by all the participants. Men trade their goods or services by mutual consent to mutual advantage, according to their own independent, uncoerced judgment. A man can grow rich only if he is able to offer better values – better products or services, at a lower price – than others are able to offer.

Wealth, in a free market, is achieved by a free, general, “democratic” vote – by the sales and the purchases of every individual who takes part in the economic life of the country. Whenever you buy one product rather than another, you are voting for the success of some manufacturer. And, in this type of voting, every man votes only on those matters which he is qualified to judge: on his own preferences, interests, and needs. No one has the power to decide for others or to substitute his judgment for theirs; no one has the power to appoint himself “the voice of the public” and to lave the public voiceless and disfranchised.

What is the main relationship that is stressed in the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Look past the range of the moment, you who cry that you fear to compete with men of superior intelligence, that their mind is a threat to your livelihood, that the strong leave no chance to the weak in a market of voluntary trade . . . When you live in a rational society, where men are free to trade, you receive an incalculable bonus: the material value of your work is determined not only by your effort, but by the effort of the best productive minds who exist in the world around you . . .

The machine, the frozen form of a living intelligence is the power that expends the potential of your life by raising the productivity of your time. . . Every man is free to rise as far as he’s able or willing, but it’s only the degree to which he thinks that determines the degree to which he’ll rise. Physical labor as such can extend no further than the range of the moment. The man who does no more than physical labor, consumes the material value-equivalent of his own contribution to the process of production, and leaves no further value, neither for himself nor others. But the man who produces an idea in any field of rational endeavor – the man who discovers new knowledge – is the permanent benefactor of humanity. . . It is only the value of an idea that can be shared with unlimited numbers of men, making all shares richer at no one’s sacrifice or loss, raising the productive capacity of whatever labor they perform. . . .

In proportion to the mental energy he spent, the man who creates a new invention receives but a small percentage of his value in terms of material payment, no matter what fortune he makes, no matter what millions he earns. But the man who works as a janitor in the factory producing that invention, receives an enormous payment in proportion to the mental effort that his job requires of him. And the same is true of all men between, on all levels of ambition and ability. The man at the top of the intellectual pyramid contributes the most of all those below him, but gets nothing except his material payment, receiving no intellectual bonus from others to add to the value of his time. The man at the bottom who, left to himself, would starve in his hopeless ineptitude, contributes nothing to those above him, but receives the bonus of all of their brains. Such is the nature of the “competition” between the strong and the weak of the intellect. Such is the pattern of “exploitation” for which you have damned the strong.

Which of the following can be the effect of the presence of the flu virus in ducks?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Worth a Pound of Cure - Catching the flu--the right way

A global influenza pandemic is closer than at any time in a generation. Klaus Stöhr, head of flu surveillance at the World Health Organization, made that uncharacteristically dramatic declaration back in November, before convening an emergency summit of vaccine manufacturers and national health agency officials. The reason was the escalating avian influenza crisis in 10 Asian countries, which poses a direct threat to human health.

Because the avian virus, known as H5N1, is lethal in chickens, identifying local outbreaks was easy. Stöhr was alarmed by evidence that the virus is also widespread in the region's domestic ducks, which show no symptoms. With asymptomatic ducks waddling through barnyards, backyards and kitchens shedding virus, hope of stamping out this largest avian flu outbreak in history has dimmed. And the likelihood of human exposure to the virus, which could spark a pandemic, has increased. "We know the recipe, and all the ingredients are there," Stöhr said.

Flu pandemics are caused by viruses with surface proteins unfamiliar to human immune systems. In the pandemic strains of 1957 and 1968, such proteins came from flu viruses that previously infected only birds. That was possible because flu is a promiscuous gene swapper. If an avian strain meets flu strain adapted to spreading among mammals, their progeny may possess the deadly combination of protein novelty and easy transmissibility between humans. The exchange can happen inside animal hosts susceptible to both avian and human flu strains, such as pigs. Or it might happen inside a farmer's child infected with this season's circulating human flu strain, whose healthy-looking pet duckling then gives her H5N1. In the past year more than 40 people in Thailand and Vietnam have already contracted the avian virus, and more than 30 of them have died from it.

Beginning on page 62 of this issue, Jeffery K. Taubenberger and his colleagues describe their resurrection, literally from the grave, of the virus that killed upward of 40 million people in 1918–1919. And they offer a chilling conclusion about its origin. Although certain genes in that virus may have come from a bird strain, the genes look as though they spent significant time evolving in yet another animal before the virus emerged among humans. This unknown source of the 1918 pandemic might even have been a type of bird or animal that we don't recognize as a flu carrier.

Systematic surveillance for influenza is currently limited to humans, chickens, swine and horses, with wild waterfowl and shore birds tested less regularly. But few of these samples are closely analyzed, and scientists do not know the dynamics or true scope of the influenza ecosystem. The National Institutes of Health just announced plans to sequence the genomes of existing flu samples. In addition, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and several partners want to create a high-capacity laboratory network dedicated to expanding flu surveillance capability and molecular analysis of influenza viruses. Studying how they evolve and move through human and animal populations might identify new flu reservoirs and enable the emergence of new strains to be predicted.

Start-up costs would equal the price of the two million emergency H5N1 vaccine doses the Department of Health and Human Services ordered in September. The money would be well spent for an ounce of prevention against future flu pandemics.