Reading Comprehension

Under the control of monarch, education began to preach ___

Directions: Read the given passage and answer the following question.

During the Christian Era, the institution of education was controlled by

Directions: Read the given passage and answer the following question.

With the advent of Industrial Revolution, education ___

Directions: Read the given passage and answer the following question.

The philosophy of “Laissez Faire” stands for

Directions: Read the given passage and answer the following question.

Which of the following statement cannot be directly extracted from the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Of the 793,025 cumulative number of persons diagnosed with AIDS in the US since the initial case in June 1981, 96.9% were between the working ages of 20 to 64 years. From 1990 to 1999, the number of persons living with AIDS in the US had increased 400% to 312,804. With the advent of health enhancing protease inhibitors and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, the longevity for persons diagnosed with AIDS was enhanced. With the increase of persons living with AIDS and the advent of HAART, there is an increase of persons living with AIDS entering or re-entering the workplace and seeking public vocational employment services.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a person living with the HIV or AIDS meeting defined criteria is protected as a person with a disa ibility. However, even with federal legislation addressing HIV/AIDS, several factors have been suggested to correla te with employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs (people with HIV/AIDS). Such factors include negative self-perceptions associated with being infected with the HIV, a limited or non-existing work history, perception of a lack of workplace environment friendly to persons living with HIV/AIDS, and the impact of work upon one's adherence to medical treatment regiments.

The attitude of public rehabilitation job placement professionals toward persons with disabilities is significantly correlated with the consumer's self-concept, personal issues related to the consumer's disability, utilization of the consumer's skills and abilities, and the rehabilitation services outcome. With increasing numbers of PLWHAs seeking employment, disability status for PLWHAs, and the lack of RSA data on the number of PLWHAs receiving public rehabilitation services, no aspect of public vocational rehabilitation services for PLWHAs demands more research than job placement. As the case rates of HIV/AIDS increase, an increase in the number of PLWHAs on public rehabilitation job placement professional's caseloads is likely.

For PLWHAs, employment has been reported as one of the most significant contributions to successfully living throughout their illness and important to their emotional well-being. Successful rehabilitation service outcomes may be enhanced through understanding the beliefs of PLWHAs toward employment. The needs of consumers of public vocational rehabilitation services demand that public rehabilitation job placement professionals provide services in an expert and proficient manner, resulting in the successful placement of the consumer into a job. A behavioral theory-based approach to understanding the employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs may provide clear and formative data, offer guidelines for identification and selection of variables on which to intervene, and provide topics for in-service training to enhance service provision. The concept of utilizing theory to address specific phenomena in the field of rehabilitation counseling has been presented as one way to further develop the empirical foundations of our field.

The approach of the passage is _______________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Of the 793,025 cumulative number of persons diagnosed with AIDS in the US since the initial case in June 1981, 96.9% were between the working ages of 20 to 64 years. From 1990 to 1999, the number of persons living with AIDS in the US had increased 400% to 312,804. With the advent of health enhancing protease inhibitors and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, the longevity for persons diagnosed with AIDS was enhanced. With the increase of persons living with AIDS and the advent of HAART, there is an increase of persons living with AIDS entering or re-entering the workplace and seeking public vocational employment services.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a person living with the HIV or AIDS meeting defined criteria is protected as a person with a disa ibility. However, even with federal legislation addressing HIV/AIDS, several factors have been suggested to correla te with employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs (people with HIV/AIDS). Such factors include negative self-perceptions associated with being infected with the HIV, a limited or non-existing work history, perception of a lack of workplace environment friendly to persons living with HIV/AIDS, and the impact of work upon one's adherence to medical treatment regiments.

The attitude of public rehabilitation job placement professionals toward persons with disabilities is significantly correlated with the consumer's self-concept, personal issues related to the consumer's disability, utilization of the consumer's skills and abilities, and the rehabilitation services outcome. With increasing numbers of PLWHAs seeking employment, disability status for PLWHAs, and the lack of RSA data on the number of PLWHAs receiving public rehabilitation services, no aspect of public vocational rehabilitation services for PLWHAs demands more research than job placement. As the case rates of HIV/AIDS increase, an increase in the number of PLWHAs on public rehabilitation job placement professional's caseloads is likely.

For PLWHAs, employment has been reported as one of the most significant contributions to successfully living throughout their illness and important to their emotional well-being. Successful rehabilitation service outcomes may be enhanced through understanding the beliefs of PLWHAs toward employment. The needs of consumers of public vocational rehabilitation services demand that public rehabilitation job placement professionals provide services in an expert and proficient manner, resulting in the successful placement of the consumer into a job. A behavioral theory-based approach to understanding the employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs may provide clear and formative data, offer guidelines for identification and selection of variables on which to intervene, and provide topics for in-service training to enhance service provision. The concept of utilizing theory to address specific phenomena in the field of rehabilitation counseling has been presented as one way to further develop the empirical foundations of our field.

It can be inferred from the passage that attitude of the people show them to be ___________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

It is said that nuclear weapons have made wars too horrible to contemplate. Yet every nation on earth feels, in helpless terror, that such a war might come.

The overwhelming majority of mankind – the people who die on the battlefields or starve and perish among the ruins – do not want war. They never wanted it. Yet wars have kept erupting throughout the centuries, like a long trail of blood underscoring mankind’s history.

Men are afraid that war might come because they know, consciously or subconsciously, that they have never rejected the doctrine which causes wars, which has caused the wars of the past and can do it again – the doctrine that it is right or practical or necessary for men to achieve their goals by means of physical force (by initiating the use of force against other men) and that some sort of “good” can justify it. It is the doctrine that force is a proper or unavoidable part of human existence and human societies.
Observe one of the ugliest characteristics of today’s world: the mixture of frantic war preparations with hysterical peace propaganda, and the fact that both come from the same source – from the same political philosophy. The bankrupt, yet still dominant, political philosophy of our age is statism.

Observe the nature of today’s alleged peace movements. Professing love and concern for the survival of mankind, they keep screaming that the nuclear-weapons race should be stopped, that armed force should be abolished as a means of settling disputes among nations, and that war should be outlawed in the name of humanity. Yet these same peace movements do not oppose dictatorships; the political views of their members range through all shades of the statist spectrum, from welfare statism to socialism to fascism to communism. This means that they are opposed to the use of coercion by one nation against another, but not by the government of a nation against its own citizens; it means that they are opposed to the use of force against armed adversaries; but not against the disarmed.

Consider the plunder, the destruction, the starvation, the brutality, the slave-labor camps, the torture chambers, the wholesale slaughter perpetrated by dictatorships. Yet this is what today’s alleged peace-lovers are willing to advocate or tolerate – in the name of love for humanity.

From the fourth paragraph, it can be derived that Statism means ____________________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

It is said that nuclear weapons have made wars too horrible to contemplate. Yet every nation on earth feels, in helpless terror, that such a war might come.

The overwhelming majority of mankind – the people who die on the battlefields or starve and perish among the ruins – do not want war. They never wanted it. Yet wars have kept erupting throughout the centuries, like a long trail of blood underscoring mankind’s history.

Men are afraid that war might come because they know, consciously or subconsciously, that they have never rejected the doctrine which causes wars, which has caused the wars of the past and can do it again – the doctrine that it is right or practical or necessary for men to achieve their goals by means of physical force (by initiating the use of force against other men) and that some sort of “good” can justify it. It is the doctrine that force is a proper or unavoidable part of human existence and human societies.
Observe one of the ugliest characteristics of today’s world: the mixture of frantic war preparations with hysterical peace propaganda, and the fact that both come from the same source – from the same political philosophy. The bankrupt, yet still dominant, political philosophy of our age is statism.

Observe the nature of today’s alleged peace movements. Professing love and concern for the survival of mankind, they keep screaming that the nuclear-weapons race should be stopped, that armed force should be abolished as a means of settling disputes among nations, and that war should be outlawed in the name of humanity. Yet these same peace movements do not oppose dictatorships; the political views of their members range through all shades of the statist spectrum, from welfare statism to socialism to fascism to communism. This means that they are opposed to the use of coercion by one nation against another, but not by the government of a nation against its own citizens; it means that they are opposed to the use of force against armed adversaries; but not against the disarmed.

Consider the plunder, the destruction, the starvation, the brutality, the slave-labor camps, the torture chambers, the wholesale slaughter perpetrated by dictatorships. Yet this is what today’s alleged peace-lovers are willing to advocate or tolerate – in the name of love for humanity.

The tone of the passage is _________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

It is said that nuclear weapons have made wars too horrible to contemplate. Yet every nation on earth feels, in helpless terror, that such a war might come.

The overwhelming majority of mankind – the people who die on the battlefields or starve and perish among the ruins – do not want war. They never wanted it. Yet wars have kept erupting throughout the centuries, like a long trail of blood underscoring mankind’s history.

Men are afraid that war might come because they know, consciously or subconsciously, that they have never rejected the doctrine which causes wars, which has caused the wars of the past and can do it again – the doctrine that it is right or practical or necessary for men to achieve their goals by means of physical force (by initiating the use of force against other men) and that some sort of “good” can justify it. It is the doctrine that force is a proper or unavoidable part of human existence and human societies.
Observe one of the ugliest characteristics of today’s world: the mixture of frantic war preparations with hysterical peace propaganda, and the fact that both come from the same source – from the same political philosophy. The bankrupt, yet still dominant, political philosophy of our age is statism.

Observe the nature of today’s alleged peace movements. Professing love and concern for the survival of mankind, they keep screaming that the nuclear-weapons race should be stopped, that armed force should be abolished as a means of settling disputes among nations, and that war should be outlawed in the name of humanity. Yet these same peace movements do not oppose dictatorships; the political views of their members range through all shades of the statist spectrum, from welfare statism to socialism to fascism to communism. This means that they are opposed to the use of coercion by one nation against another, but not by the government of a nation against its own citizens; it means that they are opposed to the use of force against armed adversaries; but not against the disarmed.

Consider the plunder, the destruction, the starvation, the brutality, the slave-labor camps, the torture chambers, the wholesale slaughter perpetrated by dictatorships. Yet this is what today’s alleged peace-lovers are willing to advocate or tolerate – in the name of love for humanity.

The following can be the factors affecting the employment seeking behavior of Aids patients except ___________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Of the 793,025 cumulative number of persons diagnosed with AIDS in the US since the initial case in June 1981, 96.9% were between the working ages of 20 to 64 years. From 1990 to 1999, the number of persons living with AIDS in the US had increased 400% to 312,804. With the advent of health enhancing protease inhibitors and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, the longevity for persons diagnosed with AIDS was enhanced. With the increase of persons living with AIDS and the advent of HAART, there is an increase of persons living with AIDS entering or re-entering the workplace and seeking public vocational employment services.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a person living with the HIV or AIDS meeting defined criteria is protected as a person with a disa ibility. However, even with federal legislation addressing HIV/AIDS, several factors have been suggested to correla te with employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs (people with HIV/AIDS). Such factors include negative self-perceptions associated with being infected with the HIV, a limited or non-existing work history, perception of a lack of workplace environment friendly to persons living with HIV/AIDS, and the impact of work upon one's adherence to medical treatment regiments.

The attitude of public rehabilitation job placement professionals toward persons with disabilities is significantly correlated with the consumer's self-concept, personal issues related to the consumer's disability, utilization of the consumer's skills and abilities, and the rehabilitation services outcome. With increasing numbers of PLWHAs seeking employment, disability status for PLWHAs, and the lack of RSA data on the number of PLWHAs receiving public rehabilitation services, no aspect of public vocational rehabilitation services for PLWHAs demands more research than job placement. As the case rates of HIV/AIDS increase, an increase in the number of PLWHAs on public rehabilitation job placement professional's caseloads is likely.

For PLWHAs, employment has been reported as one of the most significant contributions to successfully living throughout their illness and important to their emotional well-being. Successful rehabilitation service outcomes may be enhanced through understanding the beliefs of PLWHAs toward employment. The needs of consumers of public vocational rehabilitation services demand that public rehabilitation job placement professionals provide services in an expert and proficient manner, resulting in the successful placement of the consumer into a job. A behavioral theory-based approach to understanding the employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs may provide clear and formative data, offer guidelines for identification and selection of variables on which to intervene, and provide topics for in-service training to enhance service provision. The concept of utilizing theory to address specific phenomena in the field of rehabilitation counseling has been presented as one way to further develop the empirical foundations of our field.

The author is primarily concerned with ____________________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Of the 793,025 cumulative number of persons diagnosed with AIDS in the US since the initial case in June 1981, 96.9% were between the working ages of 20 to 64 years. From 1990 to 1999, the number of persons living with AIDS in the US had increased 400% to 312,804. With the advent of health enhancing protease inhibitors and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, the longevity for persons diagnosed with AIDS was enhanced. With the increase of persons living with AIDS and the advent of HAART, there is an increase of persons living with AIDS entering or re-entering the workplace and seeking public vocational employment services.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a person living with the HIV or AIDS meeting defined criteria is protected as a person with a disa ibility. However, even with federal legislation addressing HIV/AIDS, several factors have been suggested to correla te with employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs (people with HIV/AIDS). Such factors include negative self-perceptions associated with being infected with the HIV, a limited or non-existing work history, perception of a lack of workplace environment friendly to persons living with HIV/AIDS, and the impact of work upon one's adherence to medical treatment regiments.

The attitude of public rehabilitation job placement professionals toward persons with disabilities is significantly correlated with the consumer's self-concept, personal issues related to the consumer's disability, utilization of the consumer's skills and abilities, and the rehabilitation services outcome. With increasing numbers of PLWHAs seeking employment, disability status for PLWHAs, and the lack of RSA data on the number of PLWHAs receiving public rehabilitation services, no aspect of public vocational rehabilitation services for PLWHAs demands more research than job placement. As the case rates of HIV/AIDS increase, an increase in the number of PLWHAs on public rehabilitation job placement professional's caseloads is likely.

For PLWHAs, employment has been reported as one of the most significant contributions to successfully living throughout their illness and important to their emotional well-being. Successful rehabilitation service outcomes may be enhanced through understanding the beliefs of PLWHAs toward employment. The needs of consumers of public vocational rehabilitation services demand that public rehabilitation job placement professionals provide services in an expert and proficient manner, resulting in the successful placement of the consumer into a job. A behavioral theory-based approach to understanding the employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs may provide clear and formative data, offer guidelines for identification and selection of variables on which to intervene, and provide topics for in-service training to enhance service provision. The concept of utilizing theory to address specific phenomena in the field of rehabilitation counseling has been presented as one way to further develop the empirical foundations of our field.

'Bankrupt' in the fourth paragraph stands for _________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

It is said that nuclear weapons have made wars too horrible to contemplate. Yet every nation on earth feels, in helpless terror, that such a war might come.

The overwhelming majority of mankind – the people who die on the battlefields or starve and perish among the ruins – do not want war. They never wanted it. Yet wars have kept erupting throughout the centuries, like a long trail of blood underscoring mankind’s history.

Men are afraid that war might come because they know, consciously or subconsciously, that they have never rejected the doctrine which causes wars, which has caused the wars of the past and can do it again – the doctrine that it is right or practical or necessary for men to achieve their goals by means of physical force (by initiating the use of force against other men) and that some sort of “good” can justify it. It is the doctrine that force is a proper or unavoidable part of human existence and human societies.
Observe one of the ugliest characteristics of today’s world: the mixture of frantic war preparations with hysterical peace propaganda, and the fact that both come from the same source – from the same political philosophy. The bankrupt, yet still dominant, political philosophy of our age is statism.

Observe the nature of today’s alleged peace movements. Professing love and concern for the survival of mankind, they keep screaming that the nuclear-weapons race should be stopped, that armed force should be abolished as a means of settling disputes among nations, and that war should be outlawed in the name of humanity. Yet these same peace movements do not oppose dictatorships; the political views of their members range through all shades of the statist spectrum, from welfare statism to socialism to fascism to communism. This means that they are opposed to the use of coercion by one nation against another, but not by the government of a nation against its own citizens; it means that they are opposed to the use of force against armed adversaries; but not against the disarmed.

Consider the plunder, the destruction, the starvation, the brutality, the slave-labor camps, the torture chambers, the wholesale slaughter perpetrated by dictatorships. Yet this is what today’s alleged peace-lovers are willing to advocate or tolerate – in the name of love for humanity.

The consequences of the inclusion of some more assumptions and propositions in the review on Bowen's theory can be any one of the following except _________________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Bowen family systems theory has played an important role in the development of the field of marriage and family therapy (MFT). Murray Bowen, who developed this intergenerational perspective, is considered to be one of the founders of the field of MFT, and his theoretical descriptions and explanations of family process have made major contributions to the development of systems theory as a clinical perspective.

In addition to the importance of Bowen theory in the theoretical development of MFT, many family therapists have adopted his perspective as a primary theoretical orientation in conducting therapy. For example, it is the primary theoretical foundation for Schnarch's (1997) popular clinical perspective in treating sexual dysfunctions. Bowen theory also has a significant influence on many MFTs who have adopted an integrative clinical approach. Thus, Bowen theory has a substantial impact on the clinical perspectives of many MFTs.

Although originally developed as a theory to guide clinical intervention, Bowen theory has been recently integrated into nonclinical theories of family process. Likewise, family science textbooks have used a family process perspective to teach undergraduate students about family interaction.

Despite the prominent role that Bowen theory has had in the evolution of MFT, as well as its influence on current clinical practice, there is no empirical research supporting the effectiveness of the theory in clinical practice. Recent reviews of the clinical outcome literature have failed to find any controlled outcome studies that have tested the effectiveness of Bowen theory. Consequently, there is no clinical research that provides evidence that Bowen theory is a valid and effective theory of MFT.

Basic research offers another strategy to test the validity of Bowen theory. Rather than testing the effectiveness of a theory in clinical practice, basic research tests the validity of the propositions of the theory. If research supports the validity of the concepts and propositions of the theory, then scholars and clinicians can have more confidence in the soundness of the theory.

In the last 15 years, a substantial number of studies have tested the validity of many of Bowen's concepts, assumptions, and propositions. These studies come from a variety of fields, including nursing, MFT, family studies, and psychology. Charles (2001) recently reviewed eight studies that tested a few of the concepts of Bowen Theory. However, many of Bowen's major theoretical assumptions and propositions were not addressed in the review, and many important studies were not included. Consequently, a thorough and comprehensive review is needed to adequately examine the validity of Bowen theory. In this article, we review the basic research literature that examines the validity of Bowen theory. The review of basic research is consistent with Wynne's (1997) call for an increased emphasis on basic research as an important avenue in furthering the development of the field of MFT.

What part does the third paragraph play in the passage?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Mankind is not an entity, an organism, or a coral bush. The entity involved in production and trade is man. It is with the study of man – not of the loose aggregate known as a “community” – that any science of the humanities has to begin.

This issue represents one of the epistemological differences between the humanities and the physical sciences, one of the causes of the former’s well-earned inferiority complex in regard to the latter. A physical science would not permit itself (not yet, at least) to ignore or bypass the nature of its subject. Such an attempt would mean: a science of astronomy that gazed at the sky, but refused to study individual stars, planets, and satellites – or a science of medicine that studies disease, without any knowledge or criterion of health, and took, as its basic subject of study, a hospital as a whole never focusing on individual patients.

A great deal may be learned about society by studying man; but this process cannot be reversed: nothing can be learned about man by studying society – by studying the inter-relationships of entities one has never identified or defined. Yet that is the methodology adopted by most political economists. Their attitude, in effect, amounts to the unstated, implicit postulate: “Man is that which fits economic equations.” Since he obviously does not, this leads to the curious fact that in spite of the practical nature of their science, political economists are oddly unable to relate their abstractions to the concretes of actual existence.

It leads also to a baffling sort of double standard or double perspective in their way of viewing men and events: if they observe a shoemaker, they find no difficulty in concluding that he is working in order to make a living; but as political economists, on the tribal premise, they declare that his purpose (and duty) is to provide society with shoes. If they observe a panhandler on a street corner, they identify him as a bum; in political economy, he becomes “a sovereign consumer.” If they hear the communist doctrine that all property should belong to the state, they reject it emphatically and feel, sincerely, that they would fight communism to the death; but in political economy, they speak of the government’s duty to effect “a fair redistribution of wealth,” and they speak of businessmen as the best, most efficient trustees of the nation’s “natural resources.”

This is what a premise (and philosophical negligence) will do; this is what the tribal premise has done.

To reject that premise and begin at the beginning – in one’s approach to political economy and to the evaluation of various social systems – one must begin by identifying man’s nature, i.e., those essential characteristics which distinguish him from all other living species.

Which of the following can be inferred about any research from the text?

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Bowen family systems theory has played an important role in the development of the field of marriage and family therapy (MFT). Murray Bowen, who developed this intergenerational perspective, is considered to be one of the founders of the field of MFT, and his theoretical descriptions and explanations of family process have made major contributions to the development of systems theory as a clinical perspective.

In addition to the importance of Bowen theory in the theoretical development of MFT, many family therapists have adopted his perspective as a primary theoretical orientation in conducting therapy. For example, it is the primary theoretical foundation for Schnarch's (1997) popular clinical perspective in treating sexual dysfunctions. Bowen theory also has a significant influence on many MFTs who have adopted an integrative clinical approach. Thus, Bowen theory has a substantial impact on the clinical perspectives of many MFTs.

Although originally developed as a theory to guide clinical intervention, Bowen theory has been recently integrated into nonclinical theories of family process. Likewise, family science textbooks have used a family process perspective to teach undergraduate students about family interaction.

Despite the prominent role that Bowen theory has had in the evolution of MFT, as well as its influence on current clinical practice, there is no empirical research supporting the effectiveness of the theory in clinical practice. Recent reviews of the clinical outcome literature have failed to find any controlled outcome studies that have tested the effectiveness of Bowen theory. Consequently, there is no clinical research that provides evidence that Bowen theory is a valid and effective theory of MFT.

Basic research offers another strategy to test the validity of Bowen theory. Rather than testing the effectiveness of a theory in clinical practice, basic research tests the validity of the propositions of the theory. If research supports the validity of the concepts and propositions of the theory, then scholars and clinicians can have more confidence in the soundness of the theory.

In the last 15 years, a substantial number of studies have tested the validity of many of Bowen's concepts, assumptions, and propositions. These studies come from a variety of fields, including nursing, MFT, family studies, and psychology. Charles (2001) recently reviewed eight studies that tested a few of the concepts of Bowen Theory. However, many of Bowen's major theoretical assumptions and propositions were not addressed in the review, and many important studies were not included. Consequently, a thorough and comprehensive review is needed to adequately examine the validity of Bowen theory. In this article, we review the basic research literature that examines the validity of Bowen theory. The review of basic research is consistent with Wynne's (1997) call for an increased emphasis on basic research as an important avenue in furthering the development of the field of MFT.