Reading Comprehension

The author puts the phrase "land of the free and home of the brave" (lines 5 - 6) in quotes in order to

Questions are based on the following passages.

            The belief that the Africans brought to London
            to be sold into slavery were at the time in a
            more or less primitive stage of uncivilized life;
            pales in comparison to the methods used to
(5)        capture and transport them to this "land of the
            free and home of the brave". The details,
            brought forth through vivid pen pictures,
            indicate the demoralizing and debasing effects
            of the "system" from its initial period, followed
(10)       up by the blighting influences of slave life, even
            under the most favorable conditions, for nearly
            two hundred and fifty years. This left upon their
            lives and character just the traits it would have
            left upon any other people subjected to similar
(15)       conditions for the same length of time.
            The argument that slavery gave the African
            some of the arts of civilized life; while denying
            him the inalienable rights of manhood, denying
            him the right to the product of his labor, does
(20)       not hold water as it left him no noble incentive to
            labor at these arts, and thus tended to render him
            improvident, careless, shiftless, in short, to
            demoralize his entire nature.

What is the best way to deal with sentence 13?

Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten. Read the passage and select the best answer for the question that follows. Keep in mind that some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask to consider organization and development. In choosing the answer, follow the requirements of standard written English.

[1] Towards the ending of the summer of 1917 it was being very hot in New York, and hotter still aboard the transatlantic liner. [2] One glance at our cabins, at the crowded decks and the dining-room, sufficed to bring home to us that the days of luxurious sea travel, of a la carte restaurants, and Louis Seize bedrooms were gone - at least for a period. [3] The prospect of a voyage of nearly two weeks was not enticing. [4] The ship, to be sure, was far from being the best of those still running on a line which had gained a magic reputation of immunity from submarines; three years ago she carried only second and third class passengers! [5] But most of us were in a hurry to get to the countries where war had already become a grim and terrible reality. [6] In one way or another we had all enrolled. [7] The first welcome discovery among the crowd wandering aimlessly and somewhat disconsolately about the decks was the cheerful face of a friend whom at first I did not recognize because of his amazing disguise in uniform. [8] He had been associated in my mind with dinner parties and clubs. [9] That life was past. [10] He had laid up his yacht and joined the Red Cross and, henceforth, for an indeterminable period, he was to abide amidst the discomforts and dangers of the Western Front. [11] The likewise cheerful members of a group whom I found gathered by the after rail were similarly attired. [12] Two well-known specialists from the Gens General Hospital made significant contributions to serve the people of France which was almost doctorless. [13] When I reached France it seemed to me that I met all the celebrated medical men I ever heard of. [14] A third in the group was a business man from the Middle West who had wound up his affairs and left a startled family in charge of a trust company. [15] Though his physical activities had hitherto consisted of an occasional mild game of golf, he wore his khaki like an old campaigner; and he seemed undaunted by the prospect - still somewhat remotely ahead of him - of a journey across the Atlantic to the active war zone.

What is the best way to deal with sentence 12?

Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten. Read the passage and select the best answer for the question that follows. Keep in mind that some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask to consider organization and development. In choosing the answer, follow the requirements of standard written English.

[1] Towards the ending of the summer of 1917 it was being very hot in New York, and hotter still aboard the transatlantic liner. [2] One glance at our cabins, at the crowded decks and the dining-room, sufficed to bring home to us that the days of luxurious sea travel, of a la carte restaurants, and Louis Seize bedrooms were gone - at least for a period. [3] The prospect of a voyage of nearly two weeks was not enticing. [4] The ship, to be sure, was far from being the best of those still running on a line which had gained a magic reputation of immunity from submarines; three years ago she carried only second and third class passengers! [5] But most of us were in a hurry to get to the countries where war had already become a grim and terrible reality. [6] In one way or another we had all enrolled. [7] The first welcome discovery among the crowd wandering aimlessly and somewhat disconsolately about the decks was the cheerful face of a friend whom at first I did not recognize because of his amazing disguise in uniform. [8] He had been associated in my mind with dinner parties and clubs. [9] That life was past. [10] He had laid up his yacht and joined the Red Cross and, henceforth, for an indeterminable period, he was to abide amidst the discomforts and dangers of the Western Front. [11] The likewise cheerful members of a group whom I found gathered by the after rail were similarly attired. [12] Two well-known specialists from the Gens General Hospital made significant contributions to serve the people of France which was almost doctorless. [13] When I reached France it seemed to me that I met all the celebrated medical men I ever heard of. [14] A third in the group was a business man from the Middle West who had wound up his affairs and left a startled family in charge of a trust company. [15] Though his physical activities had hitherto consisted of an occasional mild game of golf, he wore his khaki like an old campaigner; and he seemed undaunted by the prospect - still somewhat remotely ahead of him - of a journey across the Atlantic to the active war zone.

What role does the last paragraph play in the passage?

Answer this question based on the following passage.

            The old maxim, that "Knowledge is Power," 
            is a true one, but there is still a greater truth:
            "Knowledge Is Safety." Safety amid physical
            ills that beset mankind, and safety amid the
(5)        moral pitfalls that surround so many young 
            people, is the crying demand of the age. 
            Research has thrown light on many facts 
            relating to the physiology of man and 
            woman, and the diseases to which they are
(10)      subject, and consequently many reformations
            have taken place in the treatment and 
            prevention of diseases. Any information bearing
            upon the diseases of mankind should not be
            kept under lock and key. The physician is
(15)      frequently called upon to speak in plain 
            language to his patients about disease 
            contracted on account of ignorance. The 
            better plan, however, is to so educate and 
            enlighten old and young upon the important 
(20)      subjects of health, that the necessity to 
            call a physician may occur less frequently.
            A large, respectable, though diminishing 
            class in every community, maintain that 
            nothing that relates exclusively to either sex 
(25)      should become the subject of popular medical
            instruction. But such an opinion is radically 
            wrong; ignorance is no more the mother of 
            purity than it is of religion. The tendency in 
            the right direction must be admitted, and is
(30)      perhaps most clearly shown in some of the 
            articles on prison reform. Preventive work is
            the truest economy. Some go so far as to say
            that if the present human knowledge of the
            laws of heredity were acted upon for a 
(35)      generation, reformatory measures would be 
            rendered unnecessary. 
            Perhaps nothing will so much hasten the time
            when body and mind will both be adequately 
            cared for, as a diffusion of the belief that the 
(40)      preservation of health is a duty. Few seem 
            conscious that there is such a thing as physical 
            morality. The fact is, all breaches of the law of 
            health are physical sins. Men's habitual words 
            and acts imply that they are at liberty to treat 
(45)      their bodies as they please. Though the evil
            consequences inflicted on their descendents 
            and on future generations are often as great 
            as those caused by crime, they do not think 
            themselves in any degree criminal. Purity of 
(50)      purpose and purity of character, after all, 
            are the brightest jewels in the crown of 
            immortality.

In context, which of the following is the best way to phrase sentence 11 (reproduced below)? The likewise cheerful members of a group whom I found gathered by the after rail were similarly attired.

Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten. Read the passage and select the best answer for the question that follows. Keep in mind that some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask to consider organization and development. In choosing the answer, follow the requirements of standard written English.

[1] Towards the ending of the summer of 1917 it was being very hot in New York, and hotter still aboard the transatlantic liner. [2] One glance at our cabins, at the crowded decks and the dining-room, sufficed to bring home to us that the days of luxurious sea travel, of a la carte restaurants, and Louis Seize bedrooms were gone - at least for a period. [3] The prospect of a voyage of nearly two weeks was not enticing. [4] The ship, to be sure, was far from being the best of those still running on a line which had gained a magic reputation of immunity from submarines; three years ago she carried only second and third class passengers! [5] But most of us were in a hurry to get to the countries where war had already become a grim and terrible reality. [6] In one way or another we had all enrolled. [7] The first welcome discovery among the crowd wandering aimlessly and somewhat disconsolately about the decks was the cheerful face of a friend whom at first I did not recognize because of his amazing disguise in uniform. [8] He had been associated in my mind with dinner parties and clubs. [9] That life was past. [10] He had laid up his yacht and joined the Red Cross and, henceforth, for an indeterminable period, he was to abide amidst the discomforts and dangers of the Western Front. [11] The likewise cheerful members of a group whom I found gathered by the after rail were similarly attired. [12] Two well-known specialists from the Gens General Hospital made significant contributions to serve the people of France which was almost doctorless. [13] When I reached France it seemed to me that I met all the celebrated medical men I ever heard of. [14] A third in the group was a business man from the Middle West who had wound up his affairs and left a startled family in charge of a trust company. [15] Though his physical activities had hitherto consisted of an occasional mild game of golf, he wore his khaki like an old campaigner; and he seemed undaunted by the prospect - still somewhat remotely ahead of him - of a journey across the Atlantic to the active war zone.

Which of the following words/phrases best replaces the word “enrolled” in sentence 6?

Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten. Read the passage and select the best answer for the question that follows. Keep in mind that some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask to consider organization and development. In choosing the answer, follow the requirements of standard written English.

[1] Towards the ending of the summer of 1917 it was being very hot in New York, and hotter still aboard the transatlantic liner. [2] One glance at our cabins, at the crowded decks and the dining-room, sufficed to bring home to us that the days of luxurious sea travel, of a la carte restaurants, and Louis Seize bedrooms were gone - at least for a period. [3] The prospect of a voyage of nearly two weeks was not enticing. [4] The ship, to be sure, was far from being the best of those still running on a line which had gained a magic reputation of immunity from submarines; three years ago she carried only second and third class passengers! [5] But most of us were in a hurry to get to the countries where war had already become a grim and terrible reality. [6] In one way or another we had all enrolled. [7] The first welcome discovery among the crowd wandering aimlessly and somewhat disconsolately about the decks was the cheerful face of a friend whom at first I did not recognize because of his amazing disguise in uniform. [8] He had been associated in my mind with dinner parties and clubs. [9] That life was past. [10] He had laid up his yacht and joined the Red Cross and, henceforth, for an indeterminable period, he was to abide amidst the discomforts and dangers of the Western Front. [11] The likewise cheerful members of a group whom I found gathered by the after rail were similarly attired. [12] Two well-known specialists from the Gens General Hospital made significant contributions to serve the people of France which was almost doctorless. [13] When I reached France it seemed to me that I met all the celebrated medical men I ever heard of. [14] A third in the group was a business man from the Middle West who had wound up his affairs and left a startled family in charge of a trust company. [15] Though his physical activities had hitherto consisted of an occasional mild game of golf, he wore his khaki like an old campaigner; and he seemed undaunted by the prospect - still somewhat remotely ahead of him - of a journey across the Atlantic to the active war zone.

In context, which of the following is the best way to phrase the underlined portion of sentence 1 (reproduced below)? Towards the ending of the summer of 1917 it was being very hot in New York, and hotter still aboard the transatlantic liner thrust between the piers.

Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten. Read the passage and select the best answer for the question that follows. Keep in mind that some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask to consider organization and development. In choosing the answer, follow the requirements of standard written English.

[1] Towards the ending of the summer of 1917 it was being very hot in New York, and hotter still aboard the transatlantic liner. [2] One glance at our cabins, at the crowded decks and the dining-room, sufficed to bring home to us that the days of luxurious sea travel, of a la carte restaurants, and Louis Seize bedrooms were gone - at least for a period. [3] The prospect of a voyage of nearly two weeks was not enticing. [4] The ship, to be sure, was far from being the best of those still running on a line which had gained a magic reputation of immunity from submarines; three years ago she carried only second and third class passengers! [5] But most of us were in a hurry to get to the countries where war had already become a grim and terrible reality. [6] In one way or another we had all enrolled. [7] The first welcome discovery among the crowd wandering aimlessly and somewhat disconsolately about the decks was the cheerful face of a friend whom at first I did not recognize because of his amazing disguise in uniform. [8] He had been associated in my mind with dinner parties and clubs. [9] That life was past. [10] He had laid up his yacht and joined the Red Cross and, henceforth, for an indeterminable period, he was to abide amidst the discomforts and dangers of the Western Front. [11] The likewise cheerful members of a group whom I found gathered by the after rail were similarly attired. [12] Two well-known specialists from the Gens General Hospital made significant contributions to serve the people of France which was almost doctorless. [13] When I reached France it seemed to me that I met all the celebrated medical men I ever heard of. [14] A third in the group was a business man from the Middle West who had wound up his affairs and left a startled family in charge of a trust company. [15] Though his physical activities had hitherto consisted of an occasional mild game of golf, he wore his khaki like an old campaigner; and he seemed undaunted by the prospect - still somewhat remotely ahead of him - of a journey across the Atlantic to the active war zone.

Why should information bearing upon disease not be kept under lock and key?

Answer this question based on the following passage.

            The old maxim, that "Knowledge is Power," 
            is a true one, but there is still a greater truth:
            "Knowledge Is Safety." Safety amid physical
            ills that beset mankind, and safety amid the
(5)        moral pitfalls that surround so many young 
            people, is the crying demand of the age. 
            Research has thrown light on many facts 
            relating to the physiology of man and 
            woman, and the diseases to which they are
(10)      subject, and consequently many reformations
            have taken place in the treatment and 
            prevention of diseases. Any information bearing
            upon the diseases of mankind should not be
            kept under lock and key. The physician is
(15)      frequently called upon to speak in plain 
            language to his patients about disease 
            contracted on account of ignorance. The 
            better plan, however, is to so educate and 
            enlighten old and young upon the important 
(20)      subjects of health, that the necessity to 
            call a physician may occur less frequently.
            A large, respectable, though diminishing 
            class in every community, maintain that 
            nothing that relates exclusively to either sex 
(25)      should become the subject of popular medical
            instruction. But such an opinion is radically 
            wrong; ignorance is no more the mother of 
            purity than it is of religion. The tendency in 
            the right direction must be admitted, and is
(30)      perhaps most clearly shown in some of the 
            articles on prison reform. Preventive work is
            the truest economy. Some go so far as to say
            that if the present human knowledge of the
            laws of heredity were acted upon for a 
(35)      generation, reformatory measures would be 
            rendered unnecessary. 
            Perhaps nothing will so much hasten the time
            when body and mind will both be adequately 
            cared for, as a diffusion of the belief that the 
(40)      preservation of health is a duty. Few seem 
            conscious that there is such a thing as physical 
            morality. The fact is, all breaches of the law of 
            health are physical sins. Men's habitual words 
            and acts imply that they are at liberty to treat 
(45)      their bodies as they please. Though the evil
            consequences inflicted on their descendents 
            and on future generations are often as great 
            as those caused by crime, they do not think 
            themselves in any degree criminal. Purity of 
(50)      purpose and purity of character, after all, 
            are the brightest jewels in the crown of 
            immortality.

Which one of the following paradigms does the passage recommend?

Answer this question based on the following passage.

            The old maxim, that "Knowledge is Power," 
            is a true one, but there is still a greater truth:
            "Knowledge Is Safety." Safety amid physical
            ills that beset mankind, and safety amid the
(5)        moral pitfalls that surround so many young 
            people, is the crying demand of the age. 
            Research has thrown light on many facts 
            relating to the physiology of man and 
            woman, and the diseases to which they are
(10)      subject, and consequently many reformations
            have taken place in the treatment and 
            prevention of diseases. Any information bearing
            upon the diseases of mankind should not be
            kept under lock and key. The physician is
(15)      frequently called upon to speak in plain 
            language to his patients about disease 
            contracted on account of ignorance. The 
            better plan, however, is to so educate and 
            enlighten old and young upon the important 
(20)      subjects of health, that the necessity to 
            call a physician may occur less frequently.
            A large, respectable, though diminishing 
            class in every community, maintain that 
            nothing that relates exclusively to either sex 
(25)      should become the subject of popular medical
            instruction. But such an opinion is radically 
            wrong; ignorance is no more the mother of 
            purity than it is of religion. The tendency in 
            the right direction must be admitted, and is
(30)      perhaps most clearly shown in some of the 
            articles on prison reform. Preventive work is
            the truest economy. Some go so far as to say
            that if the present human knowledge of the
            laws of heredity were acted upon for a 
(35)      generation, reformatory measures would be 
            rendered unnecessary. 
            Perhaps nothing will so much hasten the time
            when body and mind will both be adequately 
            cared for, as a diffusion of the belief that the 
(40)      preservation of health is a duty. Few seem 
            conscious that there is such a thing as physical 
            morality. The fact is, all breaches of the law of 
            health are physical sins. Men's habitual words 
            and acts imply that they are at liberty to treat 
(45)      their bodies as they please. Though the evil
            consequences inflicted on their descendents 
            and on future generations are often as great 
            as those caused by crime, they do not think 
            themselves in any degree criminal. Purity of 
(50)      purpose and purity of character, after all, 
            are the brightest jewels in the crown of 
            immortality.

From the findings of the research described in the passage, one can come to the conclusion that

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question:

One of the most potent elements in body language is eye behaviour. You shift your eyes, meet another person's gaze or fail to meet it - and produce an effect out of all proportion to the trifling muscular effort you have made. When two people look searchingly into each other's eyes, emotions are heightened and .the relationship tipped toward greater intimacy.
In normal conversation, each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both individuals look away. Because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, it is weighted with significance when it happens and can generate a special kind of human-to-human awareness. Most of the time, a lingering look is inter­preted as a sign of attraction and this should be scru­pulously avoided except in appropriate circumstances. A young woman once complained. ‘That man makes me so uncomfortable, half the time when I glance at him he's already looking at me - and he keeps right on looking.'
Proper street behaviour requires a balance of at­tention and intention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are aware of his presence. If you look too little, you appear haughty or furtive; too much and you are inquisitive. Usually what happens is that people eye each other until they are about eight feet apart, at which point both cast down their eyes.
Much of eye behaviour is so subtle that we react to it only on the intuitive level. This has been demon­strated in elaborate experiments. Subjects sit and talk in the psychologist's laboratory, irrespective of the fact that their eye behaviour is being observed from be­hind a one-way vision screen. In one fairly typical ex­periment, subjects were induced to cheat while per­forming a task, then were interviewed and observed. It was found that those who. had cheated met the interviewer's eyes less often than was normal, an in­dication that 'shifty eyes' can actually be a tip-off to an attempt to deceive.

As per the author, the muscular effort we make is

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question:

One of the most potent elements in body language is eye behaviour. You shift your eyes, meet another person's gaze or fail to meet it - and produce an effect out of all proportion to the trifling muscular effort you have made. When two people look searchingly into each other's eyes, emotions are heightened and .the relationship tipped toward greater intimacy.
In normal conversation, each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both individuals look away. Because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, it is weighted with significance when it happens and can generate a special kind of human-to-human awareness. Most of the time, a lingering look is inter­preted as a sign of attraction and this should be scru­pulously avoided except in appropriate circumstances. A young woman once complained. ‘That man makes me so uncomfortable, half the time when I glance at him he's already looking at me - and he keeps right on looking.'
Proper street behaviour requires a balance of at­tention and intention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are aware of his presence. If you look too little, you appear haughty or furtive; too much and you are inquisitive. Usually what happens is that people eye each other until they are about eight feet apart, at which point both cast down their eyes.
Much of eye behaviour is so subtle that we react to it only on the intuitive level. This has been demon­strated in elaborate experiments. Subjects sit and talk in the psychologist's laboratory, irrespective of the fact that their eye behaviour is being observed from be­hind a one-way vision screen. In one fairly typical ex­periment, subjects were induced to cheat while per­forming a task, then were interviewed and observed. It was found that those who. had cheated met the interviewer's eyes less often than was normal, an in­dication that 'shifty eyes' can actually be a tip-off to an attempt to deceive.

The young woman in the passage was uncomfortable because

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question:

One of the most potent elements in body language is eye behaviour. You shift your eyes, meet another person's gaze or fail to meet it - and produce an effect out of all proportion to the trifling muscular effort you have made. When two people look searchingly into each other's eyes, emotions are heightened and .the relationship tipped toward greater intimacy.
In normal conversation, each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both individuals look away. Because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, it is weighted with significance when it happens and can generate a special kind of human-to-human awareness. Most of the time, a lingering look is inter­preted as a sign of attraction and this should be scru­pulously avoided except in appropriate circumstances. A young woman once complained. ‘That man makes me so uncomfortable, half the time when I glance at him he's already looking at me - and he keeps right on looking.'
Proper street behaviour requires a balance of at­tention and intention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are aware of his presence. If you look too little, you appear haughty or furtive; too much and you are inquisitive. Usually what happens is that people eye each other until they are about eight feet apart, at which point both cast down their eyes.
Much of eye behaviour is so subtle that we react to it only on the intuitive level. This has been demon­strated in elaborate experiments. Subjects sit and talk in the psychologist's laboratory, irrespective of the fact that their eye behaviour is being observed from be­hind a one-way vision screen. In one fairly typical ex­periment, subjects were induced to cheat while per­forming a task, then were interviewed and observed. It was found that those who. had cheated met the interviewer's eyes less often than was normal, an in­dication that 'shifty eyes' can actually be a tip-off to an attempt to deceive.

What is meant by the expression 'proper street behaviour' in the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question:

One of the most potent elements in body language is eye behaviour. You shift your eyes, meet another person's gaze or fail to meet it - and produce an effect out of all proportion to the trifling muscular effort you have made. When two people look searchingly into each other's eyes, emotions are heightened and .the relationship tipped toward greater intimacy.
In normal conversation, each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both individuals look away. Because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, it is weighted with significance when it happens and can generate a special kind of human-to-human awareness. Most of the time, a lingering look is inter­preted as a sign of attraction and this should be scru­pulously avoided except in appropriate circumstances. A young woman once complained. ‘That man makes me so uncomfortable, half the time when I glance at him he's already looking at me - and he keeps right on looking.'
Proper street behaviour requires a balance of at­tention and intention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are aware of his presence. If you look too little, you appear haughty or furtive; too much and you are inquisitive. Usually what happens is that people eye each other until they are about eight feet apart, at which point both cast down their eyes.
Much of eye behaviour is so subtle that we react to it only on the intuitive level. This has been demon­strated in elaborate experiments. Subjects sit and talk in the psychologist's laboratory, irrespective of the fact that their eye behaviour is being observed from be­hind a one-way vision screen. In one fairly typical ex­periment, subjects were induced to cheat while per­forming a task, then were interviewed and observed. It was found that those who. had cheated met the interviewer's eyes less often than was normal, an in­dication that 'shifty eyes' can actually be a tip-off to an attempt to deceive.

Prolonged eye contact between two individuals is weighted with great significance because

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the given question:

One of the most potent elements in body language is eye behaviour. You shift your eyes, meet another person's gaze or fail to meet it - and produce an effect out of all proportion to the trifling muscular effort you have made. When two people look searchingly into each other's eyes, emotions are heightened and .the relationship tipped toward greater intimacy.
In normal conversation, each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both individuals look away. Because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, it is weighted with significance when it happens and can generate a special kind of human-to-human awareness. Most of the time, a lingering look is inter­preted as a sign of attraction and this should be scru­pulously avoided except in appropriate circumstances. A young woman once complained. ‘That man makes me so uncomfortable, half the time when I glance at him he's already looking at me - and he keeps right on looking.'
Proper street behaviour requires a balance of at­tention and intention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are aware of his presence. If you look too little, you appear haughty or furtive; too much and you are inquisitive. Usually what happens is that people eye each other until they are about eight feet apart, at which point both cast down their eyes.
Much of eye behaviour is so subtle that we react to it only on the intuitive level. This has been demon­strated in elaborate experiments. Subjects sit and talk in the psychologist's laboratory, irrespective of the fact that their eye behaviour is being observed from be­hind a one-way vision screen. In one fairly typical ex­periment, subjects were induced to cheat while per­forming a task, then were interviewed and observed. It was found that those who. had cheated met the interviewer's eyes less often than was normal, an in­dication that 'shifty eyes' can actually be a tip-off to an attempt to deceive.

The expression, “is not in the usual sense natural” (passage 1, lines 46 - 47) is used

Answer this question based on the following passages.

Passage 1

            In no other form of expression do art and
            nature seem so closely identified as in the
            art of singing. A perfect voice speaks so
            directly to the soul of the hearer that all
(5)        appearance of artfully prepared effect is
            absent. Every tone sung by a consummate
            vocal artist seems to be poured forth freely
            and spontaneously. There is no evidence of
            calculation, of carefully directed effort, of
(10)      attention to the workings of the voice, in the
            tones of a perfect singer. Yet if the accepted
            idea of Voice Culture is correct, this semblance
            of spontaneity in the use of the voice can result
            only from careful and incessant attention to
(15)      mechanical rules. That the voice must be
            managed or handled in some way neither
            spontaneous nor instinctive, is the settled
            conviction of almost every authority on the
            subject. All authorities believe also that this
(20)      manner of handling the voice must be acquired
            by every student of singing, in the course of
            carefully directed study.
            This training in the use of the voice is the
            most important feature of education in
(25)      singing. Voice Culture embraces a peculiar
            and distinct problem, that of the correct
            management of the vocal organs. Vocal
            training has indeed come to be considered
            synonymous with training in the correct use
(30)      of the voice. Every method of instruction
            in singing must contain as its most important
            element some means for dealing with the
            problem of tone-production.
            No complete and satisfactory solution of
(35)      this problem has ever been found. Of this
            fact every one acquainted with the practical
            side of Voice Culture must be well aware.
            It is advisable to define precisely what is
            meant by the problem of tone-production.
(40)      In theory the question may be stated very
            simply. It is generally believed throughout
            the vocal profession that the voice has one
            correct mode of action, different from a wide
            variety of incorrect actions of which it is
(45)      capable;—that this mode of action, though
            ordained by Nature, is not in the usual sense
            natural or instinctive;—that the correct vocal
            action must be acquired, through a definite
            understanding and conscious management
(50)      of the muscular movements involved. The
            theoretical problem therefore is: What is the
             correct vocal action, and how can it be
            acquired?

Passage 2
            There is only one way to sing correctly, and
            that is to sing naturally, easily, comfortably.
            The height of vocal art is to have no apparent
            method, but to be able to sing with perfect
(5)        facility from one end of the voice to the other,
            emitting all the notes clearly and yet with
            power and having each note of the scale
            sound the same in quality and tonal beauty
            as the ones before and after.
(10)      There are many methods which lead to the
            goal of natural singing — that is to say, the
            production of the voice with ease, beauty
            and with perfect control. Certainly the highest
            art and a lifetime of work and study are
(15)      necessary to acquire an easy emission of
            tone. There is a multitude of wonderful natural
            voices. But these naturally untrained voices
            soon break or fail if they are used much unless
            the singer supplements the natural, God-given
(20)      vocal gifts with a conscious understanding of
            how the vocal apparatus should be used.
            The singer must have some knowledge of
            his or her anatomical structure, particularly
            the structure of the throat, mouth and face,
(25)      with its resonant cavities, which are so
            necessary for the right production of the
            voice. Besides that, the lungs and diaphragm
            and the whole breathing apparatus must be
            understood, because the foundation of
(30)      singing is breathing and breath control.
            A singer must be able to rely on his breath,
            just as he relies upon the solidity of the
            ground beneath his feet. A shaky, uncontrolled
            breath is like a rickety foundation on which
(35)      nothing can be built, and until that foundation
            has been developed and strengthened the
            would-be singer need expect no satisfactory
            results.
            In order to insure proper breathing capacity
(40)      it is understood that the clothing must be
            absolutely loose around the chest and also
            across the lower part of the back, for one
            should breathe with the back of the lungs as
            well as with the front. A singer should stand
(45)      freely and easily and should feel as if the
            chest were leading, but should not feel
            constrained or stiff in any part of the ribs or lungs.