Reading Comprehension

According to the passage, how do memories get transferred to the STM?

Directions: Refer the following passage:

Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensor storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory. There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A.Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of short term memory chunking or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed onto long term storage. When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as the person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a paper and pen are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly. Therefore rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal “. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre – existing long term memories. Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.

Fostering creativity needs an environment for

Directions: Refer to the following passage for question below:

Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individual’s creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm and flexibility. However, several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognize that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea nurturing work environment. Idea generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods of supporting idea generation, such as brain storming in a group can be very successful in certain situations. However in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when: (1) there is no time to conduct proper idea generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator( or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face to face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerized idea – generation methods have been tried, with frequent success. Idea generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example has an associate lexicon of the English language, that cross references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

The problem raised in the passage reflects badly on our

Directions: Refer to the following passage:

The constitution guarantees every citizen the fundamental right to equality. Yet after 50 years of independence, just one perusal of the female infant mortality figures, the literacy rates and the employment opportunities for women is sufficient evidence that discrimination exists. Almost predictably, this gender, bias is evident in our political system as well. In the 13th Lok Sabha, there were only 43 women MPs out of a total of 543; it is not a surprising figure, for never has women representation in Parliament been more than 10 percent. Historically, the manifestos of major political parties have always encouraged women participation. It has been merely a charade. So, women organizations, denied a place on merit, opted for the last resort: a reservation of seats for women in parliament and State Assemblies. Parties, which look at everything with a vote bank in mind, seemed to endorse this. Alas, this was too a mirage. But there is another aspect also. At a time, when caste is the trump card, some politicians want the bill to include further quotas for women from among minorities and backward castes. There is more to it. A survey shows that there is a general antipathy towards the bill. It is actually a classic case of doublespeak: in public, politicians were endorsing women reservation but in the backrooms of Parliament, they were busy sabotaging it. The reasons are clear. Men just want to vacate their seats of power.

According to the passage, political parties mostly have ___________ in mind.

Directions: Refer to the following passage:

The constitution guarantees every citizen the fundamental right to equality. Yet after 50 years of independence, just one perusal of the female infant mortality figures, the literacy rates and the employment opportunities for women is sufficient evidence that discrimination exists. Almost predictably, this gender, bias is evident in our political system as well. In the 13th Lok Sabha, there were only 43 women MPs out of a total of 543; it is not a surprising figure, for never has women representation in Parliament been more than 10 percent. Historically, the manifestos of major political parties have always encouraged women participation. It has been merely a charade. So, women organizations, denied a place on merit, opted for the last resort: a reservation of seats for women in parliament and State Assemblies. Parties, which look at everything with a vote bank in mind, seemed to endorse this. Alas, this was too a mirage. But there is another aspect also. At a time, when caste is the trump card, some politicians want the bill to include further quotas for women from among minorities and backward castes. There is more to it. A survey shows that there is a general antipathy towards the bill. It is actually a classic case of doublespeak: in public, politicians were endorsing women reservation but in the backrooms of Parliament, they were busy sabotaging it. The reasons are clear. Men just want to vacate their seats of power.

Mental blocks, bouts of procrastination and cyclical thinking patterns can be won when

Directions: Refer to the following passage for question below:

Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individual’s creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm and flexibility. However, several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognize that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea nurturing work environment. Idea generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods of supporting idea generation, such as brain storming in a group can be very successful in certain situations. However in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when: (1) there is no time to conduct proper idea generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator( or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face to face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerized idea – generation methods have been tried, with frequent success. Idea generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example has an associate lexicon of the English language, that cross references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

Which of the following words is nearest in meaning to the word 'radical' from the passage?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Which of the following is the correct meaning of the expression 'prima facie'?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Which of the following policies does the author recommend to simplify the legal aid programme?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Which of the following activities does the author recommend for law students in legal aid programmes?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

What according to the author should be the aim of the legal aid programme?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Which of the following is suggested by the author to determine the entitlement for getting legal aid?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

According to the author, in what way can the bail policy be liberalised?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

What does the author refer to by the term colonial hangover?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.

Why does the author think that it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of the problems?

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Most social evils are an outcome or creation of poverty and the misery that comes with being poor in a country like India, at the same time it also needs to be borne in mind that the judiciary no matter however committed it may be towards uplifting the cause of the poor is ultimately bound by procedural formalities which do not take into account the misery or problems of the masses. Therefore the sufferings being so many it is not possible for the legal system to remove even a few of such problems. In keeping with the same view it can be asserted that poverty is a creation of unjust institutions and unjust society. Therefore in a country like India if you are poor you are ineffective socially as well as economically the only way that you can then be empowered is through radical revamping of the socio-economic structure. Such a radical change can only be brought about in the form of a revolution that the legal service programme only is capable of gearing. Thus the legal aid programme should be aimed at revamping the socio-economic structure by way of removing the socially unjust institutions and creating a new order based upon the ethos of human liberty, equality and dignity of mankind.
It can be said that though the system had been flagged off under the term "We the people of India" it has no longer continued in the same direction as want of procedural formalities has taken precedence over the people at the cost of which justice often suffered casualties. It must be recognised that the courts of law have merely become instruments for law’s sake and are not administering justice as such. However, the blame for the attitude of the judiciary can be placed on the colonial hangover of namely all institutional systems in the country. However, there should be faith in the Gandhian system which professed the resolution of disputes at the grass root level through village Panchayat’s.
A national legal service authority that is accountable to the parliament but protected from official control is recommended. Simplification of the legal procedure and an emphasis on conciliated settlement outside court has to be the policy of legal aid schemes. There should be a three-fold test laid down for determining eligibility: Means test - to determine people entitled to legal aid. Prima facie test - to determine whether there was a prima facie case to give legal aid or not. Reasonableness test - to see whether the defence sought by a person is ethical and moral.
In criminal proceedings guaranteeing legal aid to habitual offenders and in cases, which essentially involve private claims is not recommended. Regular arrangement for aid and advice to the under trials should to be provided. A liberalized bail policy which should not to be dependent on financial consideration should be set up. Legal services should be extended to investigation as well as post conviction stage. Legal services should also include rehabilitative services. In criminal legal aid, salaried lawyers are recommended. There should also be encouragement for payment of compensation to victims in criminal cases. Family courts should be established for women and children with women judges, this is specially required in slum areas and rural villages. Public defence council should be appointed in children’s court.
In backward areas, legal advice bureau should be established in each development block. The involvement of law students in legal aid schemes particularly for preventive legal services is recommended. Public law service should be an alternative available as against the private bar and legal services. The authority should fix the fees payable to the lawyer.