Reading Comprehension

What is the theme of the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the given question.

Ensuring safety measurements at the workplace is very important. This is all because the workers at the workplace are always at the risk of being injured. A safe working environment helps the employees work freely and fearlessly. Safety products are extensively used in a large number of industrial applications. These products consist of a wide range of decontamination showers, welding helmets, safety glasses, respirators, arc-flash clothing, emergency eyewash equipments, gas detection products and many more. Each of these products has its own importance and use in different industries. Designed to perfection using high-grade material and advanced technology, these products provide the workers with extreme protection against unexpected injuries, mishaps and accidents. The proven benefits of using these products are enormous. Apart from just protection, these products provide the workforce with a no-fuss solution to execute the most risky tasks with improved efficiency and reduced labour within the minimum possible time.

What is the reason behind these equipments providing the workers with maximum protection against unexpected injuries, mishaps and accidents?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the given question.

Ensuring safety measurements at the workplace is very important. This is all because the workers at the workplace are always at the risk of being injured. A safe working environment helps the employees work freely and fearlessly. Safety products are extensively used in a large number of industrial applications. These products consist of a wide range of decontamination showers, welding helmets, safety glasses, respirators, arc-flash clothing, emergency eyewash equipments, gas detection products and many more. Each of these products has its own importance and use in different industries. Designed to perfection using high-grade material and advanced technology, these products provide the workers with extreme protection against unexpected injuries, mishaps and accidents. The proven benefits of using these products are enormous. Apart from just protection, these products provide the workforce with a no-fuss solution to execute the most risky tasks with improved efficiency and reduced labour within the minimum possible time.

According to the passage, the Election Commission is an independent constitutional authority. This is mentioned under Article

Directions: Refer to this passage for the question below:

The superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of , elections to parliament and State Legislatures and elections to the offices of the President and Vice – President of India are vested in the Election Commission of India. It is an independent constitutional authority. Independence of the Election Commission and its insulation from executive interference is ensured by a specific provision under Article 324(5) of the constitution that the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court and conditions of his service shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. In C.W.P No. 4912 of 1998 (Kushra Bharat Vs Union of India and others), the Delhi High Court directed that information relating to government dues owed by the candidates to the departments dealing with Government accommodation, electricity, water, telephone and transport etc. and any other dues should be furnished by the candidates and this information should be published by the election authorities under the commission.

The chief election commissioner cannot be removed from his office under Article

Directions: Refer to this passage for the question below:

The superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of , elections to parliament and State Legislatures and elections to the offices of the President and Vice – President of India are vested in the Election Commission of India. It is an independent constitutional authority. Independence of the Election Commission and its insulation from executive interference is ensured by a specific provision under Article 324(5) of the constitution that the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court and conditions of his service shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. In C.W.P No. 4912 of 1998 (Kushra Bharat Vs Union of India and others), the Delhi High Court directed that information relating to government dues owed by the candidates to the departments dealing with Government accommodation, electricity, water, telephone and transport etc. and any other dues should be furnished by the candidates and this information should be published by the election authorities under the commission.

The sentence 'Men just don't want to vacate their seats of power' implies

Directions: Refer to the following passage:

The constitution guarantees every citizen the fundamental right to equality. Yet after 50 years of independence, just one perusal of the female infant mortality figures, the literacy rates and the employment opportunities for women is sufficient evidence that discrimination exists. Almost predictably, this gender, bias is evident in our political system as well. In the 13th Lok Sabha, there were only 43 women MPs out of a total of 543; it is not a surprising figure, for never has women representation in Parliament been more than 10 percent. Historically, the manifestos of major political parties have always encouraged women participation. It has been merely a charade. So, women organizations, denied a place on merit, opted for the last resort: a reservation of seats for women in parliament and State Assemblies. Parties, which look at everything with a vote bank in mind, seemed to endorse this. Alas, this was too a mirage. But there is another aspect also. At a time, when caste is the trump card, some politicians want the bill to include further quotas for women from among minorities and backward castes. There is more to it. A survey shows that there is a general antipathy towards the bill. It is actually a classic case of doublespeak: in public, politicians were endorsing women reservation but in the backrooms of Parliament, they were busy sabotaging it. The reasons are clear. Men just want to vacate their seats of power.

Theorists believe a person can remember more information in a short time

Directions: Refer the following passage:

Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensor storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory. There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A.Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of short term memory chunking or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed onto long term storage. When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as the person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a paper and pen are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly. Therefore rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal “. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre – existing long term memories. Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.

Why does the author mention a dog’s bark?

Directions: Refer the following passage:

Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensor storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory. There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A.Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of short term memory chunking or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed onto long term storage. When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as the person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a paper and pen are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly. Therefore rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal “. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre – existing long term memories. Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.

Independence of the commission means

Directions: Refer to this passage for the question below:

The superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of , elections to parliament and State Legislatures and elections to the offices of the President and Vice – President of India are vested in the Election Commission of India. It is an independent constitutional authority. Independence of the Election Commission and its insulation from executive interference is ensured by a specific provision under Article 324(5) of the constitution that the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court and conditions of his service shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. In C.W.P No. 4912 of 1998 (Kushra Bharat Vs Union of India and others), the Delhi High Court directed that information relating to government dues owed by the candidates to the departments dealing with Government accommodation, electricity, water, telephone and transport etc. and any other dues should be furnished by the candidates and this information should be published by the election authorities under the commission.

All of the following are mentioned as places in which memories are stored, except

Directions: Refer the following passage:

Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensor storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory. There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A.Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of short term memory chunking or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed onto long term storage. When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as the person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a paper and pen are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly. Therefore rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal “. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre – existing long term memories. Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.

The word 'elapses' in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

Directions: Refer the following passage:

Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensor storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory. There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A.Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of short term memory chunking or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed onto long term storage. When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as the person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a paper and pen are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly. Therefore rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal “. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre – existing long term memories. Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.

Manual methods for the support of idea generation in certain occasions

Directions: Refer to the following passage for question below:

Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individual’s creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm and flexibility. However, several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognize that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea nurturing work environment. Idea generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods of supporting idea generation, such as brain storming in a group can be very successful in certain situations. However in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when: (1) there is no time to conduct proper idea generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator( or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face to face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerized idea – generation methods have been tried, with frequent success. Idea generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example has an associate lexicon of the English language, that cross references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

The author has focussed on

Directions: Refer to the following passage for question below:

Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individual’s creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm and flexibility. However, several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognize that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea nurturing work environment. Idea generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods of supporting idea generation, such as brain storming in a group can be very successful in certain situations. However in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when: (1) there is no time to conduct proper idea generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator( or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face to face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerized idea – generation methods have been tried, with frequent success. Idea generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example has an associate lexicon of the English language, that cross references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

Trump card means

Directions: Refer to the following passage:

The constitution guarantees every citizen the fundamental right to equality. Yet after 50 years of independence, just one perusal of the female infant mortality figures, the literacy rates and the employment opportunities for women is sufficient evidence that discrimination exists. Almost predictably, this gender, bias is evident in our political system as well. In the 13th Lok Sabha, there were only 43 women MPs out of a total of 543; it is not a surprising figure, for never has women representation in Parliament been more than 10 percent. Historically, the manifestos of major political parties have always encouraged women participation. It has been merely a charade. So, women organizations, denied a place on merit, opted for the last resort: a reservation of seats for women in parliament and State Assemblies. Parties, which look at everything with a vote bank in mind, seemed to endorse this. Alas, this was too a mirage. But there is another aspect also. At a time, when caste is the trump card, some politicians want the bill to include further quotas for women from among minorities and backward castes. There is more to it. A survey shows that there is a general antipathy towards the bill. It is actually a classic case of doublespeak: in public, politicians were endorsing women reservation but in the backrooms of Parliament, they were busy sabotaging it. The reasons are clear. Men just want to vacate their seats of power.

What question does the text of the passage reflect or raise?

Directions: Refer to this passage for the question below:

The superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of , elections to parliament and State Legislatures and elections to the offices of the President and Vice – President of India are vested in the Election Commission of India. It is an independent constitutional authority. Independence of the Election Commission and its insulation from executive interference is ensured by a specific provision under Article 324(5) of the constitution that the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court and conditions of his service shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. In C.W.P No. 4912 of 1998 (Kushra Bharat Vs Union of India and others), the Delhi High Court directed that information relating to government dues owed by the candidates to the departments dealing with Government accommodation, electricity, water, telephone and transport etc. and any other dues should be furnished by the candidates and this information should be published by the election authorities under the commission.

Idea generation software is a

Directions: Refer to the following passage for question below:

Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individual’s creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm and flexibility. However, several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognize that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea nurturing work environment. Idea generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods of supporting idea generation, such as brain storming in a group can be very successful in certain situations. However in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when: (1) there is no time to conduct proper idea generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator( or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face to face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerized idea – generation methods have been tried, with frequent success. Idea generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example has an associate lexicon of the English language, that cross references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.