Early Human and Prehistoric Cultures

Mesolithic Age was a ancient cultural stage that existed between the Paleolithic Period with its chipped stone tools, and the Neolithic Period with its polished stone tools. It extends from 20,000 BC to 8000 BC.  The word Mesolithic derives from the Greek: Mesos (middle) and Litho (stone).

The first attempts at domestication of animals and plants  were made during the Mesolithic Period. The first animal to be domesticated was the dog which started in Central Asia . The earliest evidence of domestication of animals comes from Adamgarh (M.P.) and Bagor in Rajasthan dated 5500 B.C. and 4500 B.C. respectively.

The Paleolithic age can be divided into three stages: Early (lower) Paleolithic age, Middle Paleolithic age and Late ( upper) Paleolithic age. The Middle Paleolithic age extends from 50000 BC to 40000 BC. It marked a transition from the scavenging times of the prior period to the introduction of hunting and gathering for food.

The Paleolithic age can be divided into three stages: Early (lower) Paleolithic age, Middle Paleolithic age and Late ( upper) Paleolithic age. The Late Paleolithic age extends from 40000 BC to 10000 BC. It was characterized by the emergence of regional stone tool industries.

Jericho is one of the earliest continuous settlements in the world, dating perhaps from about 9000 BCE.  It  is a city in the Palestinian Territories and is located near the Jordan River in the West Bank. Archaeologists have found remains of a very large settlement of circular homes made with mud brick and topped with domed roofs.

An artifact, or artifact, is something made or given shape by humans, such as a tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest. Artifacts are archaeological sources. The ornaments, tools, and pottery that were made in the past are found due to archaeological excavations and help to know about the past. Hence, Option A is correct. Among the rest, inscriptions are a historical, religious, or another record cut, impressed, painted, or written on stone, brick, metal, or another hard surface, like a pillar of stone. A coin is a small, flat round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. A monument is a type of—usually three-dimensional—structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, historical, political, technical or architectural importance, like the Taj Mahal. Hence, these are incorrect. 

The one who constructs history is an historian. They use historical evidences to be particular and authentic about history. So it is believed that, ‘there cannot be history without sources.’ Sources gives details of a particular era or periods.

• Neanderthals were the first human ancestors to mourn death properly bury the dead.
• They lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.

Hunting and gathering is considered the earliest or first stage of human societal evolution. It predates pastoral, horticultural, and agricultural societies.

At different moments in the period of 700-1750 new technologies made their appearance like the persian wheel in irrigation, the spinning wheel in weaving and the firearms in combat. New foods and beverages arrived in the subcontinent-potaoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee.

Monumental architecture, complex religious ritual, widespread agriculture, and highly organized urban society.

Mayan people were not familiar with the use of iron metal. Mayan smiths worked primarily in copper during the initial period, with some low-arsenic alloys, as well as occasional use of silver and gold. The Maya used stone tools fabricated from chert and obsidian instead of iron tools. The unawareness of Mayas about the Iron metal can be attributed to the lack of available iron ore in their geographical domain.