Plant Propagation Techniques

Grafting is the technique whereby tissues from one plant are inserted into those of another so that the two sets of vascular tissues may join together.
Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant.
Twin scaling is a method of propagating plant bulbs. Twin-scaling is practiced by professional growers and skilled amateurs to increase bulbs that would naturally propagate very slowly.
Plant cutting, also known as striking or cloning, is a technique for vegetatively (asexually) propagating plants in which a piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rockwool. The cutting produces new roots, stems or both, and thus becomes a new plant independent of the parent.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Grafting'.

Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant.
Twin scaling is a method of propagating plant bulbs.
A cutting is a vegetative plant part which is severed from the parent plant in order to regenerate itself, thereby forming a whole new plant.
Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly  multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants, using modern tissue culture methods.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Layering'.

• A stem cutting is plant stem including a tip (e.g. shoot, twig, sucker, ) or a portion of a stem without the apex that includes one or more nodes removed from a parent plant and capable of rooting; A stem cutting is used to grow a whole new plant, which is also known as cloning.
• It is the most commonly used method to propagate many woody ornamental plants such as rose and Champa.

Many types of plants, like herbaceous plants, including roses are frequently propagated by cuttings. A cutting is a vegetative plant part, which is severed from the parent plant in order to regenerate itself, thereby forming a whole new plant.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B), 'Cutting'.

Coffee plants can be propagated form seeds or by cuttings or air layers.
Stem cuttings or sections of the stalks called seeds or seed pieces propagate sugarcane.
Citrus can be propagated by budding, layering and cutting.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'All of these'.

Grafting is simply inserting a portion of one plant (usually a shoot the scion) onto another the host so that they grow together to make a single plant. Grafting is very common in commercial horticulture virtually all mass-marketed roses are grafted onto a vigorous rootstock of a different variety many fruit trees and other ornamentals are treated similarly. Quality of fruits produced wilI depend upon genotypes of scion only, stock is just acting as a support.

Scion is the part of the grafted plant that gives rise to the plant shoot that will, later on, produce all of the plant parts such as leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. Everything above the scion is cut off in the spring hence all nutrients and water absorbed by the roots becomes available to the growing scion. Thus the correct answer is option C.

Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction in which new plants are formed from the vegetative parts like, tubers, runners, suckers, rhizomes etc. Some of the plants can be propagated by the means of cutting. The part which is cut is allowed to grow into a new plant. Cane cutting which means the stem cuttings are used in the case of sugarcane. Stem cuttings with one nodal leaf are used in the coffee plants. Stem and root cuttings can be used in the Citrus species. 

A number of methods of artificial propagation of plants are used in agriculture, and horticulture. The three common methods for the artificial propagation of plants are: cuttings, layering and grafting. 

Grafting is the artificial method of vegetative propagation which is applied for plants with weak root system. It involves transfer of part of one plant (scion) onto the lower part of another plant (stock) in such a way, to facilitate organic fusion or fusion of tissues. Here, the root stock is selected for its disease resistance and absorbing capacity which makes options A and C incorrect. Since, scion makes the upper above ground portion of plant, it is selected for superior quality of fruits and flowers. This makes option D incorrect and B correct. 

The plants like rose, Bougainvillea, Chrysanthemum, grapes, sugarcane, bananas, and cactus, etc. can be grown by means of cuttings. For example, rose plants and chrysanthemums are propagated (or reproduced) by means c cuttings from stems (or shoots) as follows: A piece of stem (or side shoot) having bud is cut from an existing rose plant with the help of a knife. The lower part of this gutting, is buried in moist soil. After a few days, the end of cutting buried in soil develops roots and later on grows to become a new rose plant. 

A small part of a plant which is removed by making a cut with a sharp knife is called as a 'cutting'. A cutting may be a piece of stem, root or even a leaf. While making a cut, care should be taken to see that there are some buds on it. In this method, a cutting of the parent plant having some buds on it is taken and its lower part is buried in the moist soil. After a few days, the cutting develops roots; shoot, and grows into a new plant. 

Grafting is a method in which the cut stems of two different plants (one with roots and other without roots) are joined together in such a way that the two stems join and grow as a single plant. This new plant will have the characteristics of both the original plants.