Plant Biology and Classification

Mosses have two forms of reproduction. Asexual or vegetative reproduction and sexual reproduction. Mosses produce small sexual structures known as archegonium (the female structure that produces egg cells), or antheridium (the male structure that produces sperm cells). In moss, the zygote formation begins the second phase of the moss life cycle where the zygote develops into the sporophyte (spore-plant). The sporophyte consists of three structures, a foot which anchors it to the gametophyte and helps to transfer water and nutrients from the gametophyte, a long erect stalk called a seta and a pod-like capsule at the end where spores are produced. So the correct option is "Moss".

Eranthis was separated from the Ranunculaceae family and elevated to its own family status based on specific embryological and serological evidence.

Water hyacinth( Eichhornia crassipes) is known as the terror of bengal because it is an exotic shrub which strongly competes with the native species and has also eliminated many of them. It is a water-based plant that flourishes in the hot and humid climate of Bengal. Fish is a supplement food in Bengal. Water hyacinth is efficient in utilizing aquatic nutrients and solar energy for profuse biomass production and results in decline in number of fishes and because of the fish scarcity in Bengal caused by Eichhornia, the water hyacinth is also called "Terror of Bengal". 

1. Mucor mucedo is homothallic (self-compatible ) fungi.
2. China rose or Hibiscus flower has both stamen and pistil present on the same plant so it bears a bisexual flower.
3. In Marchantia is a liverwort in which male and female are born on different plants so it is dioecious bryophyte.

The life cycle of gymnosperms have a dominant sporophyte and reduced gametophyte with the female gametophyte retained on the sporophyte. The male and female sex organs are formed in structures called cones or strobili. In gymnosperms both the sexes are separate. Meiosis occurs in both male and female strobili. 

Coconut water is a classic example of free-nuclear endosperm development, where repeated free nuclear divisions occur without immediate cell wall formation. Later, cellularization may occur in the peripheral regions, but the liquid coconut water remains free-nuclear.

Fungi are a separate class of microorganisms that reproduce by spores and are thus different from plants that require photosynthesis to make food for themselves. Fungi consist of molds, yeast, mildew, and mushrooms. It can be unicellular or multicellular. So all mushrooms are fungi, though not all fungi are mushrooms as there are much more types of fungi than mushrooms. Mushroom is not yeast.

In Whittaker's five kingdom system of classification, only kingdom Plantae have organisms with a multicellular eukaryotic organism with holophytic nutrition. The organisms which are able to synthesize food by photosynthesis are said to have holophytic nutrition. 

The two kingdom classification system was given by Carlous Linnaeus in 1758, who classified living things into two kingdoms: Animal Kingdom (mobile and heterotrophic) and Plant Kingdom (fixed, stationary in the soil, autotrophic). These were then divided into classes and the classes into phyla for animals and divisions for plants. R.H Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification in 1969, in which all living organisms are divided into five kingdoms based on their complexity of cell structure, complexity of organism’s body and mode of nutrition. The five kingdoms are Monera (prokaryotic BGA and bacteria), Protista (Eukaryotic unicellular organisms; algae and protozoa), Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The four kingdom classification concept was given by Haeckel who divided living organisms into four kingdoms namely Monera, Protista, Metaphyta and Animalia. BGA and bacteria differ in their kind or reserve food, mode of nutrition, movement and type of photosynthetic pigments. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. When it does not exist at all , preserving it also not possible.

• The leaves of monocots have a large bubble-shaped epidermal cell called bulliform cells.
• They are also known as motor cells.
• They are present in the adaxial surface of the leaves.
• They play an important role in the unfolding of the developing leaves and in the rolling and unrolling of mature leaves in response to the alternating wet and dry conditions.
• So, the correct answer is 'Motor cells'.

The upper surface of the leaf is known as the adaxial surface. The type of cells presents in the adaxial epidermis of grasses is bulliform cells (only one type). These are large bubble-shaped cells present in the adaxial or upper surface of the leaves in monocots. So, the correct answer is '1'.

The large sized, thin-walled, vacuolated, water containing colourless epidermal cells present on the adaxial epidermis of an isobilateral leaf or monocot leaf are called Bulliform cells. They differ from other cells in being size, structure and function.

So, the correct option is ‘large, thin-walled, vacuolated containing water’

Bulliform cells or the motor cells are the modified epidermal cells present on the upper surface or the adaxial surface of the monocot leaf (the grasses). They are colourless, large-sized and vacuolated cells. They regulate the rolling of leaves to prevent the loss of water. When water is adequately present, they become turgid and keep the leaf open and exposed. When there is scarcity of water, the become flaccid and roll-up the leaf to prevent the loss of water.

According to histogen theory by Hanstein, the three principal tissues of the root, vascular cylinder, cortex and epidermis originate from three groups of initial cells or histogens, in the apical meristem plerome, periblem and dermatogen respectively. A fourth histogen, the calyptrogen produces the root cap. 
Thus, the correct answer is option D.