Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Nicotine is the primary addictive and toxic alkaloid present in tobacco leaves, constituting approximately 0.6-3.0% of dry tobacco weight. Reserpine is an anti-hypertensive drug from Rauwolfia, aspirin is from willow bark, and morphine is an opioid from poppy plants - none are constituents of tobacco.

Lupinine has lysine as the biosynthetic precursor.

Strychnine is used in eye treatment.

Retrorsine belongs to the pyrrolizidine class of alkaloids.

Kainic acid refers to a potent neuroexcitatory marine amino acid that acts by activating glutamate, the major CNS excitatory neurotransmitter.

Correct option is (1).

Tranquilizers include barbiturates. Narcotics include codeine and heroin. Stimulants include cocaine and caffeine. Hallucinogens include LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline - NOT amphetamines, which are stimulants.

Budotitane is the drug used for cancer treatment. So, this option is correct.

This option is correct. G protein-coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes.

Equanil and Miltown are carbamate derivatives used as tranquilizers. Hence, Miltown is used as a tranquilizer not as an antacid.

Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs. These affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. Common tranquilizers are: Diazepam (Valium), Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and Alprazolam (Xanax). An antacid is a drug/substance which neutralizes stomach acidity. Examples: Equate (mixture of CaCO₃, Al(OH)₃ and Mg(OH)₂), Omeparazole, etc. Hence, Valium, Librium and Alprazolam are used as tranquilizers.

Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan and compound 606, is a drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the first effective treatment for syphilis, and was also used to treat trypanosomiasis. It is an organo-arsenic molecule, and was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent. Sahachiro Hata and Paul Ehrlich discovered the antisyphilitic activity of this compound in 1909 in Erlich's laboratory, during a survey of hundreds of newly synthesised organic arsenical compounds.

Over production of acid in the stomach causes irritation and pain. In severe cases, ulcers are developed in the stomach. Until 1970, only treatment for acidity was administration of antacids, such as sodium hydrogen carbonate (SHC) and a mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide. Some common antacids are: sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃), ranitidine, omeparazole, rebprazole, rolaid (CaCO₃ and Mg(OH)₂) etc.. Contraceptive drugs are used to control population. The estrogen derivative which is used in combination with progesterone derivative is ethynylestradiol (Novestrol). Hence, except Novestrol, all the above given drugs are antacids.

Contraceptives are birth-control drugs and are used to prevent pregnancy. Estrogen and progestin are two female sex hormones. Combinations of estrogen and progestin work by preventing ovulation (the release of eggs from the ovaries). Examples are: Drospirenone, Ethinyl Estradiol, Desogestrel, Levonorgestrel, etc. Antacids are used to reduce the acidity in stomach. E.g- Omeparazole, Ranitidine, etc. Gemifloxacin is Quinolones or Fluoroquinolone class antibiotic.

P. Chlorine in the concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 ppm in aqueous solution and sulphur dioxide in very low concentrations, are used as disinfectants. Q. Ormeloxifene is one of the selective estrogen receptor, used as a contraceptive or as a treatment for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. R. Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth. The most commonly used preservatives include table salt, sugar, vegetable oils and sodium benzoate, C₆H₅COONa. S. Alitame (2000 times sweeter than sucrose) is a high potency sweetener and it is more stable to heating than aspartame (100 times sweeter than sucrose).  Hence both P and S are incorrect.