Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, blocking cellular respiration. This prevents ATP production and leads to cellular asphyxiation. Alpha 1-antitrypsin is a protease inhibitor, NADH dehydrogenase is Complex I, and monoamine oxidase breaks down neurotransmitters.

Sublingual refers to the pharmacological route of administration by which drugs diffuse into the blood through tissues under the tongue. Many pharmaceuticals are designed for sublingual administration, including cardiovascular drugs, steroids, barbiturates, enzymes, and increasingly, vitamins.

Beta blockers are a class of drugs used for various indications, but particularly for the management of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction (heart attack), and hypertension.

Carisoprodol is a centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Carisoprodol is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform and acetone.

Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic. It works on a variety of receptors in the central nervous system, producing anticholinergic, antidopaminergic, antihistaminic, and weak antiadrenergic effects.

Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of substances directly into a vein. Therapies administered intravenously are often called specialty pharmaceuticals. It is commonly referred to as a drip because many systems of administration employ a drip chamber, which prevents air entering the blood stream (air embolism) and allows an estimate of flow rate.

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is a first-generation antihistamine mainly used to treat allergies.It has a powerful hypnotic effect, and for this reason is often used as a nonprescription sleep aid and a mild anxiolytic.

Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral medicine for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. It suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and, therefore, prevents  viral replication and transcription.

Aciclovir is a guanosine analogue antiviral drug.  One of the most commonly-used antiviral drugs, it is primarily used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, as well as in the treatment of varicella zoster (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles).

Arbidol is an antiviral treatment for influenza infection .

All drugs given above are antiviral drugs.

Inosine pranobex is a combinatinon of inosine, acetamidobenzoic acid, and dimethylaminoisopropanol used as an antiviral drug. Inosine pranobex has no effect on viral cells itself. It acts as a powerful immunostimulant.

Cisplatin, is a chemotherapy drug. It is used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas (e.g., small cell lung cancer, and ovarian cancer), lymphomas, and germ cell tumors.

Flunixin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), analgesic, and antipyretic used in horses. It is often formulated as the meglumine salt.

Barbital was first synthesized in 1902 by German chemists Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering. They published their discovery in 1903 and it was marketed in 1904 by the Bayer company as “Veronal”.