Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure.

Aminophylline is a bronchodilator. It is a compound of the bronchodilator theophylline with ethylenediamine in 2:1 ratio. The ethylenediamine improves solubility, and the aminophylline is usually found as a dihydrate.

Amobarbital is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. It has sedative-hypnotic and analgesic properties. It is a white crystalline powder with no odour and a slightly bitter taste.

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent (medication used for irregular heart beat) used for various types of tachyarrhythmias (fast forms of irregular heart beat), both ventricular and supraventricular (atrial) arrhythmias.

Ethenzamide is a common analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that is used for the relief from fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. It is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu medications and many prescription analgesics.

Benzanthrone is an aromatic hydrocarbon derivate used as a dyestuff intermediate for anthraquinone-based dyes. It has the appearance of a light yellow to brown-green powder with melting point of 170 °C. It is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol.

Cocaine is a stimulant.

Anti histamin relieves allergy.

Morphine is obtained from Papaver somniferum.

Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, blocking cellular respiration. This prevents ATP production and leads to cellular asphyxiation. Alpha 1-antitrypsin is a protease inhibitor, NADH dehydrogenase is Complex I, and monoamine oxidase breaks down neurotransmitters.

In square planar complexes, the geometry is prevalent for transition metal complexes with d⁸ configuration. Thus, the central atom (Pt) in carboplatin has dsp² hybridisation with square planar geometry.

Chlorotrianisene is a non-steroidal synthetic oestrogen that was formerly used for the treatment of menopause, deficiencies in ovary function, and prostate cancer. Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic nonsteroidal oestrogen that was first synthesized in 1938. Fosfestrol is a synthetic oestrogen used as an antineoplastic agent.

Sublingual refers to the pharmacological route of administration by which drugs diffuse into the blood through tissues under the tongue. Many pharmaceuticals are designed for sublingual administration, including cardiovascular drugs, steroids, barbiturates, enzymes, and increasingly, vitamins.

Beta blockers are a class of drugs used for various indications, but particularly for the management of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction (heart attack), and hypertension.

Carisoprodol is a centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Carisoprodol is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform and acetone.