Muscle Biology

The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle cell (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle). It consists of a true cell membrane, called the plasma membrane, and an outer coat made up of a thin layer of polysaccharide material that contains numerous thin collagen fibrils.

The epimysium is the outermost layer of dense, irregular, connective tissue that surrounds and holds muscles in the body. It is continuous with the perimysium and endomysium of a muscle. The primary function of the epimysium is to combine with these other muscular connective tissues to form a thick, collagenous cord of tissue known as a tendon.

Myoglobin is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals. It is related to hemoglobin, which is the iron- and oxygen-binding protein in blood, specifically in the red blood cells.

These fibres are also called slow twitch or slow oxidative fibres.They contain large amounts of myoglobin, many mitochondria and many blood capillaries. Type I fibres are red, split ATP at a slow rate, have a slow contraction velocity, very resistant to fatigue and have a high capacity to generate ATP by oxidative metabolic processes. Such fibres are found in large numbers in the postural muscles of the neck.

They lack intercalated discs.

They have numerous mitochondria as they have to produce lot of energy.

The buccinator muscle is called the 'trumpeter's muscle' because it compresses the cheeks against the teeth and is used extensively by wind instrument players to control air flow. The sartorius, flexor, and temporalis muscles serve different functions and are not specifically associated with trumpet playing.

Tic disorders are characterized by repeated involuntary contractions of muscles or vocalizations. STG is not a standard psychiatric term. Rapport refers to therapeutic relationship. Truancy is habitual absence from school, not a movement disorder.

During strenuous exercise, muscles work anaerobically when oxygen supply is insufficient. This produces lactic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis. The accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue causes fatigue, pain, and the burning sensation during intense physical activity.

A myofibril is a basic unit of a muscle. Muscles are composed of tubular cells called myocytes or myofibers. Myofibers are composed of tubular myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of long proteins such as actin, myosin, and titin, and other proteins that hold them together.

Nebulin is an actin-binding protein which is localized to the I-band of the sarcomeres in skeletal muscle. It is a very large protein (600-900 kDa) and binds as many as 200 actin monomers. Because its length is proportional to thin filament length, it is believed that nebulin acts as a thin filament ruler and regulates thin filament length during sarcomere assembly.

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Cyclobenzaprine is a muscle relaxant medication used to relieve skeletal muscle spasms and associated pain in acute musculoskeletal conditions.It is the most well-studied drug for this application, and it also has been used off-label for fibromyalgia treatment.

The cremaster muscle raises and lowers scrotum to help regulate temperature and promote spermatogenesis.

Anerobic respiration takes place in cases of vigorous physical exercise when oxygen gets used up faster in muscle cells than is being supplied by blood. This can cause sudden build up of lactic acid, which causes cramps.