Muscle Biology

All above are the types of muscle tissues.

The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle cell (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle). It consists of a true cell membrane, called the plasma membrane, and an outer coat made up of a thin layer of polysaccharide material that contains numerous thin collagen fibrils.

The epimysium is the outermost layer of dense, irregular, connective tissue that surrounds and holds muscles in the body. It is continuous with the perimysium and endomysium of a muscle. The primary function of the epimysium is to combine with these other muscular connective tissues to form a thick, collagenous cord of tissue known as a tendon.

Myoglobin is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals. It is related to hemoglobin, which is the iron- and oxygen-binding protein in blood, specifically in the red blood cells.

Secretin is a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. It is produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn.

These fibres are also called slow twitch or slow oxidative fibres.They contain large amounts of myoglobin, many mitochondria and many blood capillaries. Type I fibres are red, split ATP at a slow rate, have a slow contraction velocity, very resistant to fatigue and have a high capacity to generate ATP by oxidative metabolic processes. Such fibres are found in large numbers in the postural muscles of the neck.

They lack intercalated discs.

They have numerous mitochondria as they have to produce lot of energy.

The buccinator muscle is called the 'trumpeter's muscle' because it compresses the cheeks against the teeth and is used extensively by wind instrument players to control air flow. The sartorius, flexor, and temporalis muscles serve different functions and are not specifically associated with trumpet playing.

Tic disorders are characterized by repeated involuntary contractions of muscles or vocalizations. STG is not a standard psychiatric term. Rapport refers to therapeutic relationship. Truancy is habitual absence from school, not a movement disorder.

During strenuous exercise, muscles work anaerobically when oxygen supply is insufficient. This produces lactic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis. The accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue causes fatigue, pain, and the burning sensation during intense physical activity.

A myofibril is a basic unit of a muscle. Muscles are composed of tubular cells called myocytes or myofibers. Myofibers are composed of tubular myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of long proteins such as actin, myosin, and titin, and other proteins that hold them together.

Nebulin is an actin-binding protein which is localized to the I-band of the sarcomeres in skeletal muscle. It is a very large protein (600-900 kDa) and binds as many as 200 actin monomers. Because its length is proportional to thin filament length, it is believed that nebulin acts as a thin filament ruler and regulates thin filament length during sarcomere assembly.

levator ani

Elastin is a protein in connective tissue that is elastic and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. Elastin helps skin to return to its original position when it is poked or pinched.