Modern Indian History

Lalbaugcha Raja, one of Mumbai's most famous Ganesh pandals, started in 1934. It was established by local fishermen and traders in the Lalbaug area and has since become one of the most visited Ganesh idols in Mumbai during the annual Ganesh Chaturthi festival.

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam is popularly known as the 'Missile Man of India' for his crucial role in developing India's missile program, particularly as the project director of IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme).

Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union on May 16, 1975, after the Indian Parliament passed the 35th Constitutional Amendment. Prior to this, Sikkim was a protectorate under India. The merger was completed following a referendum where Sikkimese voters approved the proposal.

Pingali Venkayya designed the Indian national flag. He was a freedom fighter from Andhra Pradesh who designed the flag in 1921. The design was later modified by the Indian National Congress committee, but Venkayya is credited as the original designer. A.O. Hume founded Congress, Gandhi was the freedom movement leader, and C.R. Das was a prominent leader.

Delhi replaced Kolkata (then Calcutta) as the capital of India in 1911 during the British Raj. The decision was announced by King George V during the Delhi Durbar. The actual shift was completed in 1931 when New Delhi was officially inaugurated, but 1911 marks the year Delhi was declared the capital.

The Partition of Bengal was implemented by Lord Curzon in 1905, dividing the province into East and West Bengal along communal lines. This was a controversial administrative decision that sparked widespread opposition and led to the Swadeshi movement.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was known as Frontier Gandhi for his nonviolent freedom movement in the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). He founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God) movement and was a close ally of Mahatma Gandhi.

The Quit India Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942 during the All India Congress Committee session in Bombay. This mass protest demanded immediate independence from British rule.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was considered Mahatma Gandhi's political mentor or 'guru'. Gandhi regarded Gokhale as one of his greatest influences and sought his guidance when he returned from South Africa.

The Reserve Bank of India was nationalized on January 1, 1949, when it became fully owned by the Government of India. It was originally established as a private entity in 1935, and nationalization transferred all shares from private shareholders to the government, making it a central bank fully under state control.

Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875 as a Hindu reform movement. It emphasized the authority of the Vedas, rejected idol worship, caste discrimination, and child marriage, and promoted social equality and women's education. Option A (Shanti Niketan) was founded by Tagore.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828, one of India's first socio-religious reform movements. It opposed sati, idol worship, and caste discrimination, and promoted rationalism, women's rights, and modern education. He is often called the 'Father of Modern India'.

Mahatma Gandhi is recognized as the Father of the Nation in India for his pivotal role in the independence movement through non-violent civil disobedience. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister, Sardar Patel was the Deputy Prime Minister who unified princely states, and Mohammed Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan.