Modern Indian History

Manipur signed the merger agreement with the Dominion of India on September 21, 1949, and it came into effect on October 15, 1949.

On 26 June 1945, Sir Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed the UN Charter on behalf of India during the United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, U.S.

The National Cadets Corps came into existence under the National Cadet Corps Act XXXI of 1948 which was passed in April, 1948.

The Indian Defense Force, incorporating Europeans and Indians in separate sections, was formed by the British on 9 October 1917.

Winston Churchill had described Gandhiji "as a seditious Middle Temple Lawyer, now, posing as a half naked fakir".

 The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

The Khilafat movement was an agitation by Indian Muslims, allied with Indian nationalists, to pressure the British government to preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam after World War I. The leaders joined forces with Mahatma Gandhi’s noncooperation movement for Indian freedom, promising nonviolence in return for his support of the Khilafat movement. This movement reflected great level of Hindu-Muslim unity.

Martyrdom of Chandrashekhar Azad took place on 27 February 1931.

The Muslim League was founded in 1906 at Dhaka to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims. It was a political group that led the movement calling for a separate Muslim nation to be created at the time of the partition of British India in 1947 because it feared that an independent India would be dominated by Hindus.

The two nation theory was given by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Two nation theory is the basis of creation of Pakistan. It states that Muslims and Hindus are two separate nations from every definition, therefore Muslims should have a separate homeland in the Muslims majority areas of India , where they can spend their lives according to the glorious teachings of Islam.

From the year 1940, the Muslim League started demanding a separate nation for the Muslims. It was based on the two-nation theory. The Muslim League demanded that the areas in which the Muslims are in a majority as in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India should be grouped to constitute an Independent State.

After the First War of Independence in 1857, the British became apprehensive of the safety and stability of their empire in India. They saw the unity between the Hindus and Muslims as a threat to them. Thus, to check the growth of a united national feeling in India and to encourage communal and separatist tendencies in Indian politics they decided to follow the policy of 'Divide and Rule'.

After the 1870s, the British government changed its attitude and followed the policy of appeasing the Muslims in order to undermine the Nation Movement. They sowed the seeds of dissension between the two communities and encouraged separatist and communal tendencies.

The Constitution of India does not provide any classification of Directive Principles of State Policy, they can be classified on the basis of nature and content. Gandhian Principles represent the programmes and schemes launched by Gandhiji during National Movements. Swadeshi Movement and Boycott Movement are some famous Programmes. Promotion of cottage industries in rural areas is given under Article 43 of the Constitution.