Modern Indian Historical Figures

Pativedakas were specially appointed confidential emissaries or secret agents in the Mauryan administration who reported directly to the King. They served as intelligence gatherers, carrying out sensitive diplomatic missions, conducting espionage, and monitoring the activities of officials and subjects, forming an important part of the Mauryan surveillance and administrative system.

William Bentinck did not initiate the Doctrine of Lapse - it was Lord Dalhousie. Bentinck is known for social reforms like banning Sati. The other matches are correct: Ripon indeed established the Hunter Commission, Hastings fought the Pindari War, and Curzon partitioned Bengal.

Brigadier General Reginald O'Dyer ordered the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar. The other options are incorrect: Saudras is not related to this event, Simon led the Simon Commission, and Curzon was Viceroy earlier (1899-1905).

Samudra Gupta of the Gupta dynasty is known as the 'Indian Napoleon' due to his extensive military conquests across India. His empire stretched from the Himalayas in the north to the Deccan plateau in the south. Chandra Gupta II was a great ruler too, but the Napoleon comparison specifically belongs to Samudra Gupta.

This is the correct option. Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts were deciphered by James Prinsep.

Alexander Cunningham was the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (1861-1885) and is widely regarded as the father of Indian archaeology for his systematic work on ancient monuments.

The Permanent Settlement of Bengal (1793), also called the Permanent Revenue Settlement, was introduced by Lord Cornwallis. It fixed land revenue demands permanently, creating a class of zamindars (landlords). Earlier systems had different features - Clive used the dual government, Hastings had ryotwari experiments, Wellesley focused on expansion.

C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) was the first Indian Governor-General of India, serving from 1948 to 1950 after Lord Mountbatten. He was a close associate of Gandhi and the last Governor-General before the office became ceremonial with the appointment of a President. Ambedkar, Rajendra Prasad, and Radhakrishnan held other high offices but not this position.

Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of Bengal in 1772, later consolidating power as Governor-General of India (1773-1785). He implemented significant administrative and judicial reforms but faced impeachment proceedings in Britain.

Lord Wellesley (Richard Colley Wellesley) served as Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805. He is known for his expansionist policies and the Subsidiary Alliance system. The other options were Governor-Generals in different periods: Cornwallis (1786-1793, 1805), Curzon (1899-1905), and Warren Hastings (1773-1785).

The Wazir (or Vizier) was the chief minister and principal advisor to the Sultan in the Delhi Sultanate and other Islamic empires. This position was the highest administrative office below the ruler, overseeing the entire bureaucracy. Patwari (village revenue accountant), Subedar (provincial governor), and Hawaldar (non-commissioned officer in modern military context, though similar roles existed historically) were all lower in the administrative hierarchy.

In the Mughal administrative system, the Bakshi was the officer in charge of military pay and organization. Tehsildar handled revenue collection, and Mansubdar was a military commander rank holder.

The Kotwal was the head of town administration and maintained law and order in urban areas during the Mughal period. Pativari handled village records, and Mansubdar was a military rank.

The revolt of 1857 is referred as Sepoy Mutiny by many historians. After the mutiny, Lord Canning was made the Viceroy and power was transferred from the East India Company to the British crown by the Act of 1858.

The British forces had failed to subdue Tantia Tope for over a year. He was however betrayed by his trusted friend, Man Singh, while asleep in his camp in the Paron forest. He was captured on 7^th April, 1859 by a detachment of native infantry of the British.