Minerals and Nutrients

Sodium is important for contraction of muscles and nerve conduction.

Phytochelatins are cysteine-rich peptides synthesized by plants to chelate and detoxify heavy metals like cadmium. Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein, tubulin is a cytoskeletal component, and systemin is a peptide hormone.

Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body by mass, accounting for approximately 65% of body mass, primarily due to water.

Phosphorylation is a biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound.

The photolysis of water requires specific ions as cofactors, primarily Manganese (Mn), Calcium (Ca), and Chloride (Cl).

Calcium is an essential mineral required by all living cells for various signaling processes, membrane stability, and enzymatic functions.

The most abundant dissolved ions in seawater are sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate and calcium. Its osmolarity is about 1000 mOsm/l.

Nutrients give energy and keep your body running. Nutrients help build and strengthen bones, muscles, and tendons and also regulate body processes. Therefore, (d) is the correct answer.

•  The four major structural elements in the human body by weight  (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen), are usually not included in lists of major nutrient minerals.
• As a group, minerals are one of the four groups of essential nutrients, the others of which are vitamins, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids
• The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium All of the remaining elements in a human body are called "trace elements". The trace elements are sulfur, iron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iodine and selenium. Hence, silicon is not a major nutrient for the body.
  

Foliar spray generally contains the micronutrients of Mn because there exist strong cuticular affinity for the manganese.

Plants need a small amount but high concentration of K for specific functions in the cytoplasmand a major portion (∼90%) of it is localized in vacuoles, where it acts as an osmoticum. Maintenance can be achieved by other cation like sodium too .

In C4 plants, sodium is a micronutrient that aids in metabolism, specifically in regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate (involved in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, and in carbon fixation) and synthesis of chlorophyll.

Potassium deficiency in plants typically manifests as chlorosis (yellowing) starting at the leaf margins (edges) and tips, which eventually leads to necrosis.