Medieval and Islamic History

Jahanara Begum (1614-1681) was indeed Shah Jahan's daughter AND Aurangzeb's sister - they shared the same father. She was the eldest daughter of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, making her Aurangzeb's full sister (same parents). Jahanara played a crucial role as mediator between Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb during the war of succession and later managed the imperial household.

Jahangir was renowned for his patronage of arts and paintings, maintaining a royal atelier and supporting Persian and Indian artists.

Shareefuddin Khan was Akbar's brother-in-law, being married to Akbar's sister. This is a specific historical relationship from the Mughal era. The Khan family had marital ties with the Mughal royal family, which was common for political alliances.

Sultan Mohammad Akbar and Bahadur Shah I (Muazzam) were both sons of Aurangzeb. Azam and Akbar were two of his notable sons. Bahadur Shah I succeeded Aurangzeb as the Mughal emperor. Shaista Khan and Afzal Khan were not Aurangzeb's sons - Shaista Khan was his maternal uncle and Afzal Khan was a different historical figure.

According to Islamic belief, the Injeel (Gospel) was the holy book revealed to Prophet Eesa (Jesus). Zaboor was given to Dawood (David), Quran to Muhammad, and Thourath (Torah) to Musa (Moses). The Injeel is distinct from the four Gospels in the New Testament.

Muhammad bin Qasim (Mohd. Bin Kasim) invaded Sindh in 712 CE, making him the first Muslim invader of the Indian subcontinent. Mahmud Ghazni invaded later (early 11th century), Mohammed Gori came in the late 12th century, and Kutubuddin Aibak was a slave general who became the first Sultan of Delhi in the 13th century.

Mohammed bin Qasim invaded Sindh in 712 AD, making him the first Muslim invader of India. He was sent by the Umayyad caliphate. Mahmud Ghazni came later (early 11th century), Mohammed Gori in the 12th century, and Kutubuddin Aibak founded the Mamluk dynasty in the 13th century.

In Persian, 'Shah' means king and 'Rukh' (or 'Rukh') refers to face or countenance. Therefore, Shah Rukh translates to 'Face of the King' or 'Royal Face'. Path, Throne, and Crown don't match the actual Persian etymology of the name.

Qutub-ud-Din Aibak initiated the construction of the Qutub Minar in Delhi around 1199, but he only completed the first storey. His successor and son-in-law, Iltutmish, completed the remaining storeys in 1436. Therefore, Iltutmish is the correct answer.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq's decision to shift the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Devgiri) in 1327 CE was one of medieval India's most controversial political experiments. The forced migration caused immense suffering and economic loss, and the capital was eventually moved back to Delhi, demonstrating the ruler's ambitious but impractical administrative policies.

The Peacock Throne (Takht-i-Taus) was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1628 and took seven years to craft with extensive gold, precious stones, and the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond. It was looted by Nadir Shah in 1739 and later destroyed, but its legacy endures as a symbol of Mughal opulence and craftsmanship.

Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316) introduced an elaborate market control mechanism including price regulation, supply control, and a rationing system to maintain stable prices for essential commodities in his empire. Iltutmish, Balban, and Firoze Tughlaq did not implement such comprehensive market controls.

Shah Jahan was the father of Aurangzeb. Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658) was the fifth Mughal emperor and fathered several children including Aurangzeb, who eventually ascended the throne after a bitter war of succession against his brother Dara Shikoh.