Legislature and Parliament

Article 100(3) of the Indian Constitution specifies that the quorum for either House of Parliament is one-tenth of the total membership. This means at least 10% of members must be present for the House to conduct business and make valid decisions.

The Lok Sabha has supremacy in financial matters, particularly with Money Bills and Financial Bills. Article 109 gives the Lok Sabha greater power over financial legislation - it can reject or amend Money Bills, and the Rajya Sabha can only delay them for 14 days but cannot reject them. This reflects the Lok Sabha's direct democratic mandate.

Articles 101 to 104 of the Indian Constitution deal with disqualification of members from Parliament. Article 101 covers resignation and absence, Article 102 lists grounds for disqualification, Article 103 deals with decision on disqualifications, and Article 104 covers vacancies. This range comprehensively addresses member disqualification.

The President addresses both Houses of Parliament at the beginning of the first session of each year, which is the Budget session. This address outlines the government's policy priorities and agenda for the coming year. It's a constitutional convention that marks the start of the parliamentary calendar.

The Parliament holds three sessions in a normal year - Budget session (February-May), Monsoon session (July-August), and Winter session (November-December). All three sessions are part of the regular parliamentary calendar, ensuring continuous legislative oversight throughout the year.

The Railway Budget and General Budget are traditionally presented in the Budget Session of Parliament, which is the first session of the calendar year (usually February-May). This session is specifically designated for budget presentation and financial discussions. The term 'First session' refers to this Budget Session that occurs at the beginning of the year.

An adjournment motion is a parliamentary procedure that allows a member to draw the attention of the House to a recent matter of urgent public importance that has serious consequences. It is used to interrupt the regular business of the House for urgent discussions. The motion requires the support of at least 50 members and can be moved only with the prior permission of the Speaker.

The power to accept or reject an adjournment motion lies with the presiding officer - the Speaker in the Lok Sabha and the Chairman in the Rajya Sabha. They have the discretion to decide whether the matter is urgent enough to interrupt the regular business of the House. The Prime Minister and Home Minister do not have this authority.

Any member of the House (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha) has the power to present an adjournment motion, provided they meet the requirements (support of 50 members). This is a privilege of elected members of Parliament. Ministers, Deputy Speaker, and Prime Minister are specifically excluded from moving adjournment motions as they are part of the executive.

Every Bill must pass through all three stages of Reading before becoming an Act. First Reading introduces the Bill, Second Reading involves detailed discussion and clause-by-clause consideration, and Third Reading is the final voting stage. Each Reading serves a specific legislative purpose in the law-making process.

When a Bill is passed by both Houses of Parliament and receives the President's assent, it becomes an Act (Law). The President's assent is the final step in the legislative process. Only after this does the Bill have the force of law and become binding. 'Bill approved' and 'Bill exercised' are not the correct legal terms.

The President gives assent only after BOTH Houses of Parliament have passed the Bill. A Bill passed by only one House cannot receive Presidential assent. This ensures bicameral scrutiny and consensus. The President considers the Bill only after it has been approved by Lok Sabha AND Rajya Sabha.

A joint sitting can only be convened between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, the two Houses of Parliament. This happens under Article 108 when there is a disagreement between the two Houses on an ordinary Bill (except Constitution Amendment Bills). Legislative Assemblies/Councils are state legislatures and cannot have joint sittings with Parliament.

The budget is presented in two parts in the Lok Sabha. Part 1 contains the Budget Speech and general overview, while Part 2 contains detailed financial statements, tax proposals, and expenditure details. This two-part structure allows for both broad policy announcements and specific financial details.

Article 326 of the Indian Constitution establishes that elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislatures shall be on the basis of adult suffrage - meaning every Indian citizen above 18 years has the right to vote. 'Direct Election' describes the mechanism (voters directly elect representatives), but Adult Suffrage is the foundational principle/basis. The question specifically asks for the 'basis'.