Legislature and Parliament

The Rajya Sabha (Council of State) is a permanent house that cannot be dissolved. Unlike the Lok Sabha, which can be dissolved by the President before its term, the Rajya Sabha continues forever with staggered retirements. This permanent nature ensures continuity and federal balance. Lok Sabha is also called House of People.

Article 327 of the Constitution states that each state shall be divided into 'territorial constituencies' for Lok Sabha elections. The term 'territorial constituencies' is the precise constitutional terminology used. While 'constituencies' (A) is informally correct, 'territorial constituencies' (B) is the exact wording used in the Constitution.

The President has the constitutional authority to both prorogue (end a session) and dissolve the Lok Sabha under Article 85. Prorogation ends a session without dissolving the house, while dissolution leads to fresh elections. These powers are exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The President can prorogue either House but only dissolve the Lok Sabha.

The Attorney General of India is the chief legal advisor to the Government of India and has the right to speak and participate in proceedings of both Houses of Parliament without being a member. This constitutional privilege is granted under Article 76. The Solicitor General and Advocate General do not have this automatic right to address both Houses.

Article 93 of the Constitution provides for the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People (Lok Sabha). It outlines their election process, salaries, allowances, and conditions for removal. Articles 95, 98, and 96 deal with other parliamentary matters like the President's address and secretarial staff.

Option (1) is incorrect: Finance minister’s main function is to prepare the annual fiscal budget and issue adequate regulations for its execution. Option (2) is correct: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies if a finance bill is a Money Bill or not. Option (3) is incorrect: The Prime Minister is head of government and is responsible for appointing ministers and assigning functions to them, etc. Option (4) is incorrect.

Under Article 246, Parliament has exclusive power to make laws on all subjects in the Union List. This includes areas of national importance like defense, foreign affairs, currency, and interstate trade.

For elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly, electoral constituencies must be constituted using municipal areas. The Constitution mandates that electoral constituencies for these bodies can either wholly or partly comprise municipal areas. This ensures that urban populations get adequate representation in Parliament and State Legislatures.

Article 97 of the Indian Constitution specifically deals with the salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha. This is a straightforward constitutional provision.

During consideration of a resolution for the removal of the Speaker or Deputy Speaker, that officer cannot preside over the House. This is to ensure fairness and prevent any conflict of interest during removal proceedings. Therefore, neither the Speaker nor the Deputy Speaker can preside during their own removal process.

Articles 99 and 100 of the Indian Constitution deal with the conduct of business in Parliament. Article 99 covers the oath/affirmation by members, while Article 100 deals with voting procedures and rules of conduct. Both are directly relevant to how parliamentary business is conducted.

(1) A member wishing to give notice of a resolution, under clause (c) of article 94 of the Constitution, for the removal of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker shall do so in writing to the Secretary-General. (2) On receipt of a notice under sub-rule (1) a motion for leave to move the resolution shall be entered in the list of business in the name of the member concerned, on a day fixed by the Speaker, provided that the day so fixed shall be any day after fourteen days from the date of the receipt of notice of the resolution. 

The Speaker (Lok Sabha) and Chairman (Rajya Sabha) do not vote in the first instance during normal proceedings. They only exercise their casting vote in case of a tie. This is to maintain their neutrality as presiding officers who facilitate debate rather than participate in voting.

The Speaker and Chairman only vote when there is a tie between votes for and against a motion. Their vote is called a casting vote and is meant to break the deadlock. They don't vote on the PM's request or because the House passes a resolution - their voting power is limited to tie-breaking situations.

Article 100(3) of the Indian Constitution specifies that the quorum for either House of Parliament is one-tenth of the total membership. This means at least 10% of members must be present for the House to conduct business and make valid decisions.