Legislature and Parliament

During a national emergency under Article 352, Parliament can legislate on matters in the State List, converting the federal structure to a unitary one temporarily. State resolutions or presidential messages alone cannot authorize this shift without the emergency framework.

FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) was replaced by FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) in 1999. While FERA focused on strict control and regulation of foreign exchange with criminal penalties, FEMA adopted a more liberal approach emphasizing management and regulation with civil penalties. FEMA made dealing in foreign exchange easier while maintaining regulatory oversight.

A Money Bill can be introduced in the House of the People. A Money Bill shall not be introduced in the Council of States. After a Money Bill has been passed by the House of the People, it shall be transmitted to the Council of States for its recommendations.

A non-money bill in Parliament requires three readings in each house - first reading (introduction), second reading (detailed clause-by-clause discussion), and third reading (final vote). Money bills have a different, shorter procedure.

Shora (also spelled Shura) is the traditional consultative assembly or parliament in Afghanistan and other Islamic countries. The term refers to a council or advisory body that makes decisions through consultation and consensus.

Majlis is the correct term for Iran's parliament. The word 'Majlis' means 'assembly' or 'council' in Arabic and Persian, and it's the legislative body of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The National People's Congress is China's national legislature and the highest organ of state power. It convenes annually and is responsible for making and amending laws.

Under Article 201, for bills reserved by the Governor for President's consideration, the President has absolute veto - can withhold assent indefinitely. The suspensive veto applies only to non-money bills not reserved for his consideration.

Under Article 111, if a bill is reconsidered and passed again by Parliament (even with ordinary majority), the President must give assent. No higher majority or joint sitting requirement exists for this scenario.

Under Article 75(3), the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. Loss of confidence in Lok Sabha immediately requires resignation - not Rajya Sabha or Parliament generally.

Article 85 of the Indian Constitution specifies that Parliament must be summoned at least twice a year, with no more than six months between sessions. This ensures regular legislative functioning and prevents prolonged gaps in parliamentary oversight.

The Rajya Sabha has equal powers with the Lok Sabha in constitutional amendment matters under Article 368. Constitutional amendments require passage by both Houses by a special majority. However, Rajya Sabha has lesser powers in matters like no-confidence motions, money bills, and parliamentary questions (which are Lok Sabha privileges).

Under Article 61, impeachment of the President can be initiated in either House of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha) and requires a two-thirds majority. It does not require a joint sitting - each House votes separately.

This is a contingent contract according to section 32 of the Indian contract act. It states that contingent contracts to do or not to do anything if an uncertain future event happens cannot be enforced by law unless and until that event has happened." If the event becomes impossible, such contracts become void.