Legal Principles and Doctrines

Option (1) is incorrect: A confession, whether it is judicial or extrajudicial, made under a threat is not admissible in evidence. Option (2) is correct: If it is made with fear of assault or is of involuntarily nature, then it is inadmissible. Option (3) is incorrect: A confession made involuntarily can never be used as a supporting evidence. Option (4) is incorrect: Partly is of no criteria.

Option (1) is incorrect: The court cannot dictate the question to the advocate under any provision of law. Option (2) is incorrect: The court is under no authority to hear the question. Option (3) is correct: If the court is of the opinion that any such question was asked by any barrister, pleader, vakil or attorney without reasonable grounds, then the court may report the circumstances of the case to the High Court or other authority to which such barrister, pleader, vakil or attorney is subject in the exercise of his profession. Option (4) is incorrect: The court is under no authority to give permission and to hear the question.

Option (1) is incorrect: Under Section 31 of the Indian Evidence Act, admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted, but they may operate as estoppels. Option (2) is correct: Under Section 31 of the Indian Evidence Act, admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted, but they may operate as estoppels. Option (3) is incorrect: Admissions are not always relevant.

Option (1) is incorrect: Under Section 145 of the Indian Evidence Act, a witness may be cross-examined as to previous statements made by him in writing without such writing being shown to him or being proved. Option (2) is correct: Section 143 of the Indian Evidence Act states that leading questions may be asked in cross-examination. Option (3) is incorrect: A person summoned to produce a document does not become a witness by the mere fact that he produces it and cannot be cross-examined unless and until he is called as a witness. Option (4) is incorrect: A person summoned to produce a document cannot be cross-examined even with the permission of the court unless and until he is called as a witness.

(4) Admission cannot be proved against the representative in interest of the maker.

CrPC includes a provision that in a First Information Report, if an offence is cognizable and another is non-cognizable, then the whole case shall be deemed to be cognizable.

(2) Four sets of various Hohfeldian jural relations are duty/liberty, right/no-right, liability/immunity and power/disability.

Slender is the correct usage.

Option (1) is correct: Ignorance of law can never be an excuse in the proceedings of the court.

(2) When the Motor Vehicle Inspector demands any information, it is obligatory to furnish it.

Option (1) is incorrect: Defence of 'volenti non fit injuria' is available if the consent is obtained by compulsion, fraud and under a mistake. Option (2) is incorrect: Defence of 'volenti non fit injuria' is available if the consent is obtained by compulsion, fraud and under a mistake. Option (3) is incorrect: Defence of 'volenti non fit injuria' is available if the consent is obtained by compulsion, fraud and under a mistake. Option (4) is correct: Defence of 'volenti non fit injuria' is available if the consent is obtained by compulsion, fraud and under a mistake.  

(4) A lawyer's first duty is to the court.

(4) Mandamus is a kind of writ and not available against an unauthorised practice of law.

Option (1) is incorrect: It is one of the essential conditions. Option (2) is incorrect: It is one of the essential conditions. Option (3) is incorrect: It is one of the essential conditions. Option (4) is correct: All are the essential conditions under Section 31 of the Specific Relief Act.

Option (1) is incorrect: Law of limitation doesn’t provide procedure to be followed by the court. Option (2) is correct: Law of limitation provides rights; so it is a substantive law. Option (3) is incorrect: Only substantive law Option (4) is incorrect: Option (2) is correct.