Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

In the phrase 'in another ten years', the word 'another' is required because it refers to a future additional period of time. The phrase 'in another ten years' means 'ten years from now'. 'Other' cannot be used in this construction, and 'probably' appears later in the sentence already.

Howard H. Aiken of Harvard University led the development of the Harvard Mark I in the 1940s, which was a significant early electro-mechanical computer. While Charles Babbage designed earlier mechanical computers, Aiken's work was among the first real efforts toward modern computing. Option C is correct in this historical context.

 Charles Babbage was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage is best remembered for originating the concept of a programmable computer. Option 2 is correct.

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Max Planck originated quantum theory in 1900 through his work on black-body radiation, introducing the concept that energy is emitted in discrete quanta. While Einstein contributed to quantum mechanics, Newton predated the quantum era, and 'Louise Jain' is not a recognized physicist. Planck's quantum hypothesis revolutionized physics.

James Chadwick discovered neutron.

Bacteria were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He called them 'animalcules' and published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society.

In 1898, Nocard and Roux reported the cultivation of the causative agent of CBPP, which was at that time a grave and widespread disease in cattle herds. The disease is caused by M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (small-colony type) and the work of Nocard and Roux represented the first isolation of a mycoplasma species.

“Than” sets up a contrast between the blank and understanding. Of all these options, 'enthusiasm' and 'erudition' (learning, knowledge) seem to fit the bill. But on close scrutiny, erudition would be in tandem with understanding, it would not fit the contrast, whereas “enthusiasm” maintains the contrasting prediction, thus replaces the blank. 'Radicalism' is the quality or state of being radical, esp. in politics which would be off the track, hence ruled out. Hence, (2) is the answer.

John Napier published his work on logarithms in 1614, introducing this powerful computational tool that simplified complex calculations by converting multiplication to addition.

Copeland (1938) included Monera (Mychota) in his classification (four kingdom) for the first time.

Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 as a hobby project while he was a student at University of Helsinki in Finland. He released it as open-source, and it has since become the kernel for numerous operating systems, including Android and most web servers.