Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the first human-to-human heart transplant in Cape Town, South Africa in 1967. Lister pioneered antiseptics, Fleming discovered penicillin, and Dr. P. Venugopal is a renowned Indian cardiac surgeon who came later.

The first artificial system of classification was developed by Aristotle, not Linnaeus, Hooker, or Bentham. Aristotle classified plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees based on gross morphological features. Linnaeus later developed the sexual system of classification based on stamens and carpels, while Hooker and Bentham worked on natural systems. Since none of the named scientists used the first artificial classification system, 'None of the above' is correct.

Ans - 2

John Napier invented logarithms in 1614 and published logarithm tables that revolutionized mathematical computation. His work 'Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio' allowed complex multiplication and division to be reduced to simpler addition and subtraction.

The Hittites were the first civilization to develop iron smelting and forging techniques around 1500 BCE. Their mastery of ironworking gave them significant military advantages and contributed to the expansion of their empire in Anatolia (modern Turkey).

'On the Origin of Species' (1859) was written by Charles Darwin and introduced the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection. It revolutionized biology. Lamarck proposed an earlier theory of inheritance, Leeuwenhoek was a microscopist, and Linnaeus developed taxonomy.

Jean-Pierre Blanchard, a French balloonist, made the first successful parachute descent in 1785. He invented the parachute as a safety device for balloonists, using a silk canopy to slow his fall. While Leonardo da Vinci had earlier conceptual sketches, Blanchard was the first to actually build and use one successfully.

Christian Schonbein discovered ozone in 1839 while working with electrical equipment. He named it from the Greek word 'ozein' meaning 'to smell' because of its distinctive odor.

Joseph Lister is known as the father of antiseptic surgery. In the 1860s, he discovered that applying carbolic acid (phenol) to surgical wounds and instruments dramatically reduced infection rates. His groundbreaking work proved that microorganisms caused surgical infections and could be killed using chemical antiseptics, revolutionizing surgical safety and mortality rates.

Dr. Norman Borlaug received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for developing high-yielding wheat varieties and triggering the Green Revolution, which saved millions from starvation. M.S. Swaminathan was a collaborator but not the Nobel laureate.

James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932, confirming the existence of this neutral subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus. J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, and Ernest Rutherford discovered the proton. The neutron's discovery completed our understanding of the three main subatomic particles.

The term ecosystem was given by Tansley.

He gave the statement 'ontogeny repeats phylogeny'.