Indian Scientists and Scholars

S. Chandrashekhar (Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar) calculated the mass limit (1.44 solar masses) for white dwarf formation, now known as the Chandrasekhar Limit. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for this work. Hubble, Hawking, and Weinberg made contributions in other areas of cosmology.

Subramaniam Chandrasekhar was born in Lahore in 1910 and studied at Presidency College, Chennai. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for his theoretical work on the structure and evolution of stars, particularly regarding white dwarf stars and the Chandrasekhar limit. The other options are incorrect: Abdul Kalam Azad was a freedom fighter, Hargobind Khurana was a biochemist born in 1922, and C.V. Raman was a physicist born in 1888.

Saqlain Mushtaq from Pakistan is credited with inventing the doosra, a delivery that spins away from right-handed batsmen despite an off-break grip. He developed it in the late 1990s, though Muralitharan later became its most famous practitioner. Harbhajan Singh also used it effectively, but Saqlain was the inventor.

John Marshall, the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, first used the term 'Indus Civilization' in the 1920s after the excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. He recognized it as a distinct ancient civilization.

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam's full name is Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. 'APJ' stands for Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen, which is his father's name and a traditional naming convention in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

John Marshall, Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, coined the term 'Indus Civilization' in the 1920s after excavations at Harappa. While Rakhal Das Bannerji and Dayaram Sahani discovered sites earlier, Marshall formally named and recognized the civilization.

Meghnad Saha, the renowned physicist known for the Saha ionization equation, became a Member of Parliament in 1952. He was elected as an independent candidate from South West Calcutta. While Vikram Sarabhai and C.V. Raman were great scientists, and S. Chandrashekhar worked abroad, Saha was the first to serve in Parliament.

Meghnad Saha, famous for the Saha ionization equation in astrophysics, became a Member of Parliament in 1952. He was elected as an independent candidate from the West Bengal constituency. Vikram Sarabhai, S. Chandrashekhar, and C.V. Raman were not MPs during their active scientific careers.

Alexander Cunningham, founder of the Archaeological Survey of India, conducted the first scientific study of Indian coins between 1861-1885. His work 'Coins of Ancient India' documented and cataloged ancient coinage systematically, establishing numismatics as a scientific discipline in India.

C.V. Raman (1930) and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1983) are the two Indian Nobel laureates in Physics. Sir M. Visvesvaraya (Bharat Ratna) and Jagdish Chandra Bose were not Nobel recipients.

Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian to receive a Nobel Prize (Literature, 1913) for Gitanjali. C.V. Raman (1930) and Hargobind Khurana (1968, Medicine) came later. Ramanujan was a mathematician who never received a Nobel.

C.V. Raman (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman) won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his discovery of the Raman Effect - the scattering of light by molecules. J.C. Bose was a renowned scientist but did not win a Nobel Prize, Amartya Sen won the Nobel in Economics (1998), and G.D. Naidu was an inventor but not a Nobel laureate.

G. D. Naidu (Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu) is widely known as the Edison of India for his contributions to engineering, automobile innovation, and electrical technology. He invented numerous devices including an electric razor, super-thin shaving blades, and made significant improvements to the valve radio. Homi Bhabha is the father of India's nuclear program, and Vikram Sarabhai is the father of India's space program.