Indian Polity and Governance

The Lok Sabha holds primary control over government expenditure because Money Bills must originate here (Article 117). While Rajya Sabha can recommend amendments, the Lok Sabha can reject them, giving the directly elected lower house effective financial control.

The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (Article 75). This means they must enjoy the confidence of the directly elected lower house, and the Lok Sabha can remove them through a no-confidence motion, ensuring democratic accountability.

Under Article 71, all doubts and disputes arising out of the election of the President are referred to the Supreme Court, whose decision is final. The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction over presidential election disputes, ensuring constitutional clarity at the highest level.

President of India sends his resignation to Vice President of India and vice-versa.

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution were borrowed from Ireland, which had similarly included them in its constitution originating from Spanish models. The framers of the Indian Constitution were heavily influenced by the Irish nationalist movement and the Irish constitutional framework regarding social and economic directives for the government.

Under the Indian Constitution, the President is the head of state and has the constitutional authority to declare war or conclude peace treaties (Article 53 and 246). The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers exercise executive power but these specific powers rest with the President. Parliament can authorize resources for war but cannot formally declare it.

The National Development Council (NDC) is presided over by the Prime Minister of India. It comprises the Prime Minister, Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of all states, and administrators of Union Territories. The PM chairs its meetings to promote common economic policies.

The President appoints the Governor of a State on the advice of the Prime Minister (Article 157). While the Governor acts as the constitutional head of the state, the appointment is made by the central government, typically on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Vice-President has no role in gubernatorial appointments, and the State Chief Minister is merely consulted in practice, not constitutionally.

TT Krishnamachari resigned as Finance Minister in 1958 after the Mundhra Commission report exposed irregularities in share transactions involving Haridas Mundhra. This scandal involved LIC investments in Mundhra's companies, leading to one of India's first major political financial scandals.

Under Article 117 of the Constitution, Finance Bills cannot be returned by the President for reconsideration - he must accord sanction. Money Bills and other bills can be returned, but Finance Bills have this special provision.

Under Article 61(2) of the Constitution, the President submits his resignation to the Vice-President of India. This is a specific constitutional provision for the resignation process.

The President of India appoints several high officials including Chief Justice of India, Chiefs of Armed Forces, and others. However, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves, not appointed by the President. This is a constitutional provision ensuring parliamentary democracy and legislative independence.

Directive Principles include better working conditions (Article 43), free education (Article 45), and animal husbandry (Article 48). Establishment of socialism is NOT explicitly stated as a Directive Principle - though the preamble mentions socialist ideals and several DPs promote social justice, none explicitly mandate establishing socialism.

Article 65 of the Indian Constitution specifies that when both the President and Vice-President offices are vacant, the Chief Justice of India acts as President. The Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha, and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha do not have this constitutional authority.