Indian Philosophy and Aesthetics

Basaveshwara was a saint. He preached in three forms: soft advice, harsh criticism, strict warning. He taught that surrendering oneself to Shiva with total devotion was the only path to salvation. He declared that work is worship. He established Anubhava Mantapa in 1162 C.E. He wrote his vachanas in simple Kannada that resembled the spoken language of the common people.

Basaveshwara was a saint. He preached in three forms: soft advice, harsh criticism, strict warning. He taught that surrendering oneself to Shiva with total devotion was the only path to salvation. He declared that work is worship. He established Anubhava Mantapa in 1162 C.E. He wrote his vachanas in simple Kannada that resembled the spoken language of the common people.

The Mitakshara is a famous legal commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti, written by Vijnanesvara, and it deals primarily with Hindu law, specifically inheritance.

The Kadambas laid the foundation for architecture in Karnataka. They built many temples and basadis in Banavasi. During this period, educational centres like agraharas, brahmapuris and ghatikas were established. The main agraharas of that time were found in Talagunda and Balligave. The agraharas were like residential schools.

Satavahana dynasty belonged to the Andhra jati and was the first Deccanese dynasty to build an empire in daksinapatha—i.e., the southern region. Their  rule began in the first century BCE and lasted until the second century CE. Satavahanas were Hindus and claimed Brahmanical status. Buddhism also flourished during this period due to generous donations made by the kings.

Navniketanam is a historical treatise related to medicine, specifically Ayurveda.

Nivartana, Kulyavapa, and Dronavapa are all ancient Indian terms used in inscriptions and texts to denote specific measurements of land.

The Naradasmriti is a legal text, but it is not the earliest; the Manusmriti and others predate it. Asvaghosa wrote plays, but Bhasa is often cited as an earlier dramatist in Sanskrit literature.

The muthumakkathazhi or nannangadi is a megalithic burial monument in which the corpse is buried in a big urn. The word muthumakkathazhi is derived from muthumakkal (predecessors in local parlance) and thazhi (big urn). Some claim that the pot was named so as it was used to bury the corpses of prominent persons like village chieftains.

 Indian system views time in a cyclic manner. This is also called ‘Kalachakra’. There is no end in sight for Kalachakra. After one rotation of this chakra is completed, the second one starts. The completion of one cycle is called yuga. In this way, history is narrated as Tretayuga, Dwaparayuga etc. 

The Kannada poet Durvinita, a ruler of the Western Ganga dynasty, is famously credited with translating Gunadya's Brihatkatha from Prakrit into Sanskrit.

Viewing history in a cyclic manner is called Kalachakra because it refers to wheel of time or "time-cycles".

History is narrated as Tretayuga, Dwaparyuga etc. The Indian system views time in a cyclic manner. It is also referred to as Kalachakra. On completion of one Kalchakra, another begins. The completion of one of its cycle is known as Yuga. Thus, history has Yugas such as Tretayuga, Dwaparyuga etc.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

In India, we usually showcase Adivasi communities in particular ways. Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized and the people often wrongly believe that Adivasis are exotic, primitive and backward. Often Adivasis are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistant to change or new ideas.