Indian Philosophy and Aesthetics

The Jains those who went to south during the great famine began to be called as digambaras. And those who stayed back in Magadha began to be called as shvetambaras.

The statement is true. The shvetambaras were allowed to put on white dresses and this sect of Jainism was formed under the leadership of Sthalabahu.

Mahavira rejected Vedas and condemned Vedic rituals. He believed that through pure and meritorious life all can attain liberation. No ritual is required for acquiring such liberation. It can be attained through right knowledge, right faith, and right action.

The doctrine of Karma is one of the main pillars of Jain philosophy. According to Mahavira, the human soul is constrained to a cycle of rebirth and this transmigration of the soul is completely dependent on its Karma. Based on Karma, a soul undergoes transmigration and reincarnates in various states of existence. This cycle continues until the soul attains Moksha through purification..

Sutta Pitaka is a holy book of Buddhism. It is the second part of Pali Canon. The other two parts are Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka. Together they are known as Tripitaka. 

In the beginning, Jainism was very popular among the traders and businessmen. The mercantile community was attracted by the rigorous asceticism and religious life of the Jains and adopted the Jain way of life. Being bound by a sense of fraternity they formed business guilds for smooth conduct of business. These wealthy merchants patronized Jainism to a great extent. Even during the time of English East India Company, Jain business families like the Jagat Seths and the Singh is acted as state bankers and naturally wielded great influence in the society. Hence, Option A is correct. Among the rest, the rituals and sacrifices were performed by the Brahmins, not the Vaishyas, or mercantile community. There were Hindu businessmen too who flourished, like the Agraharis and Agrawals, Gahois. The doctrine of karma was present in Hinduism too. Hence, these options are incorrect. 

Mahavira, also known as Vardhamana was the Twenty-fourth and last Tirthankara of Jainism. He was born in Kundagram near Vaishali in Bihar in the second half of the sixth century BC. In the Jain tradition, a Tirthankara is an enlightened soul who is born as a human being and attains perfection through intense meditation.

Sunyawad does not belong to Jainism because this technique belongs to disciples and Bhikkhus of Buddha. Sunyawad is the philosophy of emptiness. 

Mahavira was the last of the twenty fourth Tirthankara of Jainism.Tirthankaras means ford maker.Mahavira taught the observance of the following vows Ahima - non-violence , Satya - truth , Asteya - non-stealing , Brahmacharya - chastity,Aparigraha - non-attachment is necessary to spiritual liberation.

Kharavela patronized Jainism. Kharavela was king of Kalinga from Mahameghavahana dynasty or Chedi dynasty. From the Hathigumpha inscription, it came to known that Kharavela was a follower of Jainism. 

The three jewels of Jainism are also known as three gems and three refuges. They are different from the three jewels of Buddhism. They constitute the core practice of Jainism. They are:

1. Right to faith: This doesn't mean believing what you're told, but means seeing things properly, and avoiding preconceptions and superstitions that get in the way of seeing clearly.
2. Right knowledge: This means having an accurate and sufficient knowledge of the real universe.
3. Right conduct: This means living your life according to Jain ethical rules, to avoid doing harm to living things and freeing yourself from attachment and other impure attitudes and thoughts.

Jainism was the  religion developed in India along side Buddhism around the sixth century BCE against the teachings of orthodox Brahmanism. It teaches that the way to liberation and bliss is to live lives of harmlessness and renunciation. It is a religion of self-help which believes that liberation is achieved by eliminating all karma from the soul.

Becoming an ascetic at the age of 30, Vardhaman Mahavira practised the most rigorous asceticism for the next twelve years. In the thirteenth year, at the age of 42. he attained "Kaivalya" i.e. the supreme knowledge and final deliverance from the bonds of pleasure and pain. Hence, he was called "Kevalin". He sat under a sal tree on the bank of river Riju Palik or Riju Kaa in Jambhika near Vaishali for the attainment of Kaivalya.  

Jainism was divided into two sects: Shvetambaras or those who put on white dress, and Digambaras or those who keep themselves naked.

Jainism is based on 5 ideals : Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacharya. It is believed that only the fifth doctrine was added by Mahavira: other four were taken over by him from previous teachers. Jainism gives utmost importance to Ahimsa or non-injury to living beings.