Indian Philosophy and Aesthetics

Shivaji Maharaj abolished the system of Jagirs (land grants) to prevent the rise of local power centers and to ensure that soldiers were paid directly by the state.

Kushan dynasty ruled over the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan, and possibly areas of Central Asia north of the Kashmir region. Its greatest ruler was Kanishka. They were great patrons of Mahayana Buddhism and played an important role in extending to China and other Asian countries through the Silk Road.

Kanishka was the greatest king of the Kushan dynasty that ruled over the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan, and possibly areas of Central Asia north of the Kashmir region. He was a great patron of Buddhism. Some of the scholars in the Court of Kanishka were Parsva, Vasumitra, Asvaghosa, Nagarjuna, Charaka and Mathara. Ashvaghosh was a Buddhist philosopher, dramatist, poet and orator from India while Vasumitra was a scholar in his court who headed the 4th Buddhist Council.

Kanishka was the most powerful ruler of the Kushan Empire. His conquests and patronage of Buddhism played an important role in the development of the Silk Road, and the transmission of Mahayana Buddhism from Gandhara across the Karakoram range to China. He was a patron of Buddhism and he called the 4th Buddhist council in the Kundalvana of Kashmir in 78 AD. His greatest contribution to Buddhist architecture was the Kanishka stupa at Peshawar, Pakistan.

According to ancient philosophies, the matter was classified as air, water, earth, fire, and sky. This classification is based on the sources of matter. Since there are five sources, hence it was also called as 'panch tattvas'. 

Suthradar Mandan was a great architect of olden times. He incorporated principles of architecture in his Granthas. He was a favourite vasthu shilpi of Mewar Maharana Kumbha. His prominent chapters are Devta-Murti Prakaran, Prasadamandanam, Vastushastram, Vastusar etc.

Viharas were Buddhist monasteries that served as centers of learning. Consequently, Buddhist philosophy was a foundational and compulsory subject for students residing and studying there.

Basaveshwara was a saint. He preached in three forms: soft advice, harsh criticism, strict warning. He taught that surrendering oneself to Shiva with total devotion was the only path to salvation. He declared that work is worship. He established Anubhava Mantapa in 1162 C.E. He wrote his vachanas in simple Kannada that resembled the spoken language of the common people.

Basaveshwara was a saint. He preached in three forms: soft advice, harsh criticism, strict warning. He taught that surrendering oneself to Shiva with total devotion was the only path to salvation. He declared that work is worship. He established Anubhava Mantapa in 1162 C.E. He wrote his vachanas in simple Kannada that resembled the spoken language of the common people.

Basaveshwara was a saint. He preached in three forms: soft advice, harsh criticism, strict warning. He taught that surrendering oneself to Shiva with total devotion was the only path to salvation. He declared that work is worship. He established Anubhava Mantapa in 1162 C.E. He wrote his vachanas in simple Kannada that resembled the spoken language of the common people.

Basaveshwara was a saint. He preached in three forms: soft advice, harsh criticism, strict warning. He taught that surrendering oneself to Shiva with total devotion was the only path to salvation. He declared that work is worship. He established Anubhava Mantapa in 1162 C.E. He wrote his vachanas in simple Kannada that resembled the spoken language of the common people.

Basaveshwara was a saint. He preached in three forms: soft advice, harsh criticism, strict warning. He taught that surrendering oneself to Shiva with total devotion was the only path to salvation. He declared that work is worship. He established Anubhava Mantapa in 1162 C.E. He wrote his vachanas in simple Kannada that resembled the spoken language of the common people.

Basaveshwara was a saint. He preached in three forms: soft advice, harsh criticism, strict warning. He taught that surrendering oneself to Shiva with total devotion was the only path to salvation. He declared that work is worship. He established Anubhava Mantapa in 1162 C.E. He wrote his vachanas in simple Kannada that resembled the spoken language of the common people.

The Mitakshara is a famous legal commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti, written by Vijnanesvara, and it deals primarily with Hindu law, specifically inheritance.

The Kadambas laid the foundation for architecture in Karnataka. They built many temples and basadis in Banavasi. During this period, educational centres like agraharas, brahmapuris and ghatikas were established. The main agraharas of that time were found in Talagunda and Balligave. The agraharas were like residential schools.