Indian Independence Movement

Hyderabad State Congress was established in the year by Swami Ramananda Tirth. He was an Indian freedom fighter, educator and social activist who led the Hyderabad liberation struggle during the reign of Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad State. HSC was a political party that sought union of Hyderabad with the Republic of India.

Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar were not very comfortable with the idea of panchayat system because they felt that faction and caste-ridden nature of rural society would defeat the noble purpose of local government at the rural level.

Subhash Chandra Bose was an Indian revolutionary who believed in violent resistance to British rule. He joined the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) in 1943. He took formal command of the demoralised and undermanned Indian National Army from Rashbehari Bose and turned it into a professional army with the help of the Japanese. INA played a significant role in the Indian National Movement.

It was mainly due to Rashbehari Bose's efforts that a conference was held at Tokyo from 28th to 30th March, 1942. Indian officers, both military and civil proceeded to Tokyo to meet the Japanese High Command.

In Bangkok conference a Council of Action to control and guide the whole movement was formed and Rashbehari Bose was elected as the president of the council.

At the Tripuri session of the Congress in 1939, Subhash Chandra Bose was standing for re-election as President of the Congress for second term. Gandhiji was  not in favour to make Subhash Chandra Bose as President. But in election Bose won by majority of votes and became President of Indian National Congress.

The radicals within the Indian National Congress were represented by: Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose.

Subhash Chandra Bose established the All India Forward Bloc in 1939 as a faction within the Indian National Congress. It was formed after he resigned from the Congress presidency due to ideological differences with the party leadership.

In 1939, Bose put forward his name for presidentship of the Tripuri session. Mahatma Gandhi, on the other hand, put candidature of Pattabhi Sitaramayya. But the popularity of Bose shattered the hope of Gandhi and became the President. But Bose couldn't preside over the session as result of his illness. 

Shankar Dayal Sharma became the eighth vice-president of India and ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha from September 3, 1987, till he assumed the office of the president in 1992. He served in this vaunted position till 1997. In 1940, he began his legal practice in Lucknow and soon after joined the Indian National Congress. Sharma's involvement in the national movement for independence led to his arrest, and he was imprisoned for eight months. Hence, Option A is correct.

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

India's first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru wasnted to nurture a scientific temper and bring about the nation's progress. From this perspective, he set up the Indian Atomic Energy Commission on 10th August 1948.

Dr Homi Bhabha was appointed as the first Chairman of the Commission. The objectives of the commission were to produce electricity from atomic energy, increase the yield of food grains and make them last longer.

The Socialist thoughts became popular during 1930s in and out of Congress party. By 1934, a Socialist Group had clearly emerged in the congress. Most of the socialists were younger generation. They established Congress Socialist Party. Jaya Prakash Narayan became its General Secretary. Acharya Narendra Dev, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas chandra Bose were the other leaders. Though Nehru identified himself as Socialist, he was with Gandhiji. The Socialists organized the farmers and workers to attain social justice in Indian society. Jayaprakash Naryan, Ram Manohar Lohia and Aruna Asf Ali and other Socialist leaders took part in Quit India movement and performed major roles in its success and emerged as popular leaders.