Human Immunity and Blood

The immune system has two divisions-humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. The humoral immunity protects against extracellular pathogens while the cell-mediated immunity protects against intracellular pathogens.

Activated B cells differentiate into either antibody-producing cells called plasma cells that secrete soluble antibody or memory cells that survive in the body for years afterwards in order to allow the immune system to remember an antigen and respond faster upon future exposures.

The activity of complement components is modulated by a system of regulatory proteins that prevent tissues damage as a result of inadvertent binding of activated complement components to host cells or spontaneous activation of complement components in plasma.

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages and are known to store and release serotonin, especially during inflammatory responses.

Antibody are produced by B-lymphocytes. The plasma cell /plasma B cells/effector B cell are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies. Plasma cell originates in the bone marrow.B cell differentiate into a plasma cell that produces antibody molecules. These are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Once these are released into the blood and lymph, these antibody molecules bind to the target antigen and initiate its neutralization or destruction.

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognising and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction. So, the correct option is 'Glycoproteins'

Mast cells are coated with IgE, which is produced by plasma cells (the antibody-producing cells of the immune system). IgE antibodies are typically specific to one particular antigen. In allergic reactions, mast cells remain inactive until an allergen binds to IgE already coated upon the cell.

Antibodies are the immunoglobulins which are produced in response to the antigen. The immunoglobulin E antibodies or IgE binds to an allergen and trigger the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

An antibody or immunoglobulin is a  proteinaceous compound produced mainly by differentiated plasma cells i.e., B lymphocytes. It is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

An antibody is a protein which is produced in response to the antigen by the plasma cells. Antibodies are $\gamma$-globulin proteins that have sugar groups attached to amino acid chains. They can be classified as glycoproteins. These are y-shaped. So, the correct answer is option B.

Plasma cells, also known as plasma B cells or plasmocytes are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Plasma cells are originated in the bone marrow, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules. Once released into the blood and lymph, these antibody molecules bind to the target antigen (foreign substance) and initiate its neutralization or destruction.

• Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is one of several forms of the antibody that are produced by vertebrates. 
• IgM is the largest antibody, and it is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antigen. 
• IgM can bind to complement component and activate the classical pathway, leading to opsonization of antigens and cytolysis (lysis of foreign cells).
  
• IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. 
• Coating of IgG on pathogen surfaces (known as opsonization) allows their recognition and ingestion by phagocytic immune cells leading to the lysis of foreign cells.
  

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies. B-cells bind to an antigen, receive help from a cognate helper T cell and differentiate into a plasma cell that secretes large amounts of antibodies.