Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

This is the correct option. Large intestine is not a part of human excretory system.

Diaphragm is found only in mammals.

Excretory system maintains the structure, pH and osmotic pressure of the body fluids.

The semisolid whitish material excreted out of the body of birds contains concentrated uric acid.

Rennet and cob cells are present in free living nematodes and are excretory in nature.

Amoeba possesses a contractile vacuole for excretion and osmoregulation. Undigested food is excreted by exocytosis. Some wastes and CO₂ are excreted through the plasma membrane by diffusion.

amino acid found in muscle and brain

Loop of Henle refers to the absorption of water. The kidneys produce concentrated urine by a complex sequence of events which is known as the counter-current multiplier system. This system resides in the loop of Henle, which is a hairpin loop interposed between the proximal and distal tubules of a nephron. 

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. Neurons transmit nerve signals, glomerulus is part of the nephron, and cochlea is in the ear.

This option is correct. Renal cell carcinoma is a cancer of the kidney that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule.

Dialysis is a medical procedure that acts as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure. It filters waste products and excess water from the blood, a task normally performed by healthy kidneys.

During dehydration, the lose of electrolyte (sodium chloride) takes place from the body.

The ureter is the tube that transports urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the urinary bladder. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Therefore, urine leaves the kidney specifically through the ureter.

Filtration occurs in the glomerulus, which is a network of capillaries enclosed by the Bowman's capsule. This structure filters water and small solutes out of the blood while retaining larger proteins and cells. The subsequent tubular parts of the nephron are primarily involved in reabsorption and secretion.

The ureters are the two tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder, allowing urine to flow downward for storage. The urethra is the single tube that eventually drains the bladder to the outside of the body. Vena cava and aorta are major blood vessels, not part of the urinary drainage system.