Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

Dialysis works on the principle of osmosis, where solutes move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. In hemodialysis, waste products like urea and excess salts diffuse across the membrane into the dialysate fluid, while larger molecules like proteins are retained in the blood.

As it has low molecular weight, it is easily excreted and being unutilized, it is passed out as such and can be assessed then.

Dialysis is the medical procedure that artificially cleans blood by removing waste products like urea, creatinine, and excess salts when kidneys fail. It works on the principle of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane. Hydrolysis is a chemical breakdown process, while excretion is the general biological process.

Kidneys are the primary organs of the excretory system, filtering blood and producing urine to remove metabolic wastes. They are not part of the nutrition system (digestion/absorption), transportation system (circulatory), or respiratory system (gas exchange).

Nephrons are the microscopic functional units of the kidney, each consisting of a glomerulus and tubule system that filters blood and produces urine. A human kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons. Bladders store urine, while urethra is the exit tube.

Endonephric excretion is the one in which yellow coloured blind tube opens in the gut. This enables the animals to prevent loss of water.

Liver converts the highly toxic ammonia to soluble and non-toxic uric acid which is later passed out of the body by kidney in the form of urine.

Correct answer

Ans-4

 Collecting duct is the central tube to which all renal tubes empty their contents into and is also called Duct of Bellini after the scientist who discovered it

 Vasopressin also called antidiuretic hormone helps the collecting duct to reabsorb water which is otherwise impermeable to water

Carbohydrates in the human body are stored as glycogen, primarily in the liver and muscles. Liver glycogen maintains blood sugar levels, while muscle glycogen provides energy for muscle contraction. Carbohydrates are not stored in kidneys, and storing them in only one location (either liver or muscles alone) would not meet the body's energy needs.

Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubular lumen and occurs mainly by active transport.

 This is the correct option. Human kidney consists of a large number of coiled tubes called ureter, is a false statement. Human kidney consists of a large number of coiled tubes called nephrons.

This is the correct option. Cats do have kidneys as an excretory organ.