Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

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Small intestine is not an excretory organ. This is the correct answer.

This is the correct answer as urine passes through the urethra.

This is the correct answer as all the given statements are correct.

The ordinary process of dialysis is slow. To increase the process of purification, the dialysis is carried out by applying electric field. This process is called electrodialysis. The important application of electrodialysis process in the artificial kidney machine used for the purification of blood of the patients whose kidneys have failed to work. The artificial kidney machine works on the principle of electrodialysis.

Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that stimulates the kidney to conserve sodium and to excrete potassium.

Calcium oxalate is the most common component of kidney stones, forming when there's excess calcium and oxalate in urine. The other options are not major kidney stone components. Sodium acetate and magnesium sulphate are salts, but pure calcium alone doesn't typically form stones.

Dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that artificially removes waste products and excess fluid from blood when kidneys can't function properly. It doesn't treat heart, lungs, or other organs. The kidneys are the primary organs that dialysis replaces.

The phenomenon of compensatory hypertrophy is seen in regeneration of human kidney and liver.

Calcium oxalate is the primary component of most kidney stones. It precipitates when calcium and oxalate ion concentrations exceed solubility product in urine. These crystals form hard, stony deposits that can obstruct urinary flow. The other compounds are not typical kidney stone constituents.

Diabetes mellitus results from insufficient insulin production or action. The pancreas contains beta cells that secrete insulin; when these fail, blood glucose regulation is impaired. Options A, B, and C are not primarily responsible. Option D correctly identifies the pancreas.

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a catecholamine hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. It is not a kidney structure (glomeruli), embryonic tissue (mesoderm), or nephridial part. Options A, B, and D describe anatomical structures incorrectly. Option C correctly identifies epinephrine as an adrenal hormone.

Glucocorticoids like cortisol stimulate gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources) in the liver, which enhances overall glucose formation. They also promote protein catabolism to provide amino acid substrates for this process. Options C and D describe mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) effects on sodium balance, not glucocorticoid effects.