Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

KEGG stands for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. It is a comprehensive database of biological pathways, diseases, drugs, and chemical substances. The name explicitly references 'Encyclopedia' not 'Expression' or 'Genotypes'.

In drug discovery, 'leads' are prospective drug compounds that show promising activity and have potential for further development. They can be chemicals, structure-guided compounds, or various other molecular entities.

 Golden rice is a transgenic crop of the future with the improved trait of high vitamin A content. Golden rice differs from its parental strain by the addition of three beta-carotene biosynthesis genes. The rice plant can naturally produce beta-carotene in its leaves, where it is involved in photosynthesis. However, the plant does not normally produce the pigment in the endosperm, where photosynthesis does not occur.

 Gamma–rays (from Cobalt 60) generally used for induced mutagenesis in crop plants. They were employed to develop 64% of the radiation-induced mutant varieties, followed by X-rays (22%).

  Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains have been used for designing novel bio-insecticidal plants.During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins (proteinaceous inclusions), called δ-endotoxins, that have insecticidal action. This has led to their use as insecticides, and more recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes. Many crystal-producing Bt strains, though, do not have insecticidal properties.

 Production of a human protein in bacteria by genetic engineering is possible because the genetic code is universal.

Transfection refers to introduction of foreign gene into a cell. Transfection (the delivery of DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells) is a powerful tool used to study and control gene expression.

This option is correct because bioethics is a set of standards used to regulate own or community activity in relation to biological world.

This option is correct.

The technique described is genetic engineering, specifically creating a transgenic organism by introducing a foreign gene (human growth hormone) into the mouse genome. Option B (genetic breeding) is the closest among the choices, though it's a somewhat imprecise term. Option A (hybridisation) typically refers to crossing different species or varieties, Option C (mutation breeding) uses radiation or chemicals to induce mutations, and Option D (hormonal feeding) would involve direct hormone administration, not gene transfer.

 Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a microbiology technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals, drugs or DNA to be introduced into the cell.

All three statements about polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB) are correct. PHB is indeed produced by bacterial fermentation (e.g., Alcaligenes eutrophus), serves as a biodegradable plastic alternative to conventional plastics, and transgenic plants including trees have been genetically engineered to produce PHB for commercial-scale production. This makes PHB an important sustainable biomaterial.