Fundamental and Human Rights

Preventive detention laws primarily restrain the Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22). Specifically, Article 22 provides for preventive detention while laying down certain safeguards. Personal liberty can be curtailed through preventive detention, which is why it's considered an exception to fundamental rights rather than a violation.

Option (1) is incorrect: Security of the state is a ground on which reasonable restrictions on the right to freedom of speech and expression can be imposed. Option (2) is correct: Public order is a ground on which reasonable restrictions on the right to freedom of speech and expression can be imposed. Option (3) is incorrect: Morality is a ground on which reasonable restrictions on the right to freedom of speech and expression can be imposed. Option (4) is incorrect: Public policy is not a ground on which reasonable restrictions on the right to freedom of speech and expression can be imposed.

Option (1) is incorrect: Fundamental right under the Constitution of India. Option (2) is incorrect: It is not a right under the Constitution of India.| Option (3) is incorrect: Right to move the Supreme Court is a fundamental right under the Constitution of India. Option (4) is correct: To organise Village Panchayats is a Directive Principle of State Policy.

Option (1) is incorrect: Right to form union is available to all citizens of India. Option (2) is correct: “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty, except according to procedure established by law". Protection of life and personal liberty is available to citizens as well as non-citizens. Option (3) is incorrect: Right to assemble peaceably is available to all citizens of India. Option (4) is incorrect: Article 19(1)(4) guarantees to all citizens of India the right to move freely throughout the territory of India.

Option (1) is incorrect: Under Article 21A, the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years. Option (2) is correct: Under Article 22(1), services of a legal practitioner of his own choice is guaranteed as a fundamental right. Option (3) is incorrect: Article 39A of the Constitution of India deals with equal justice and free legal aid as a directive principle of state policy. Option (4) is incorrect: Article 32(4) of the Constitution states that the right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended, except as otherwise provided for by the Constitution.

Right to Property ceased to be a Fundamental Right through the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act during Morarji Desai's Janata Party government (1977-79). It became a legal right under Article 300A, reducing its judicial protection.

Article 51A(f) of the Constitution lists the Fundamental Duty to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired the freedom movement. Other options like voting or party loyalty are not constitutional duties.

Article 14 of the Indian Constitution states that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. 

Rights under Article 19 of the Constitution are available to the citizens of India only.

The question asks which factors do NOT explain why rights are called 'fundamental'. Statement I (available to citizens and aliens alike) and IV (not absolute) actually describe the NATURE of these rights but don't explain WHY they're called FUNDAMENTAL. Statement II (superior to ordinary law) and III (fundamental for governing the country) DO explain the terminology. The term 'fundamental' signifies their supremacy (II) and essential role (III). Therefore, I and IV are the correct answers - they don't explain the nomenclature.

The Right to Equality (Articles 14-18) includes non-discrimination by state (Article 15), equal protection of laws (Article 14), and equality of opportunity in public employment (Article 16). Equal pay for equal work is a Directive Principle, not a Fundamental Right.

Article 14 (equality before law) and Article 21 (protection of life and liberty) apply to all persons. Only Article 19 (freedom of speech) and Article 29 (minority rights to conserve language/culture) are exclusively for citizens.

Under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament has the authority to impose reasonable restrictions on Fundamental Rights in the interest of sovereignty, integrity, security, public order, decency, morality, etc. The Supreme Court can examine the reasonableness but cannot impose restrictions. The President also lacks this power.

Article 19(1)(d) of the Constitution guarantees all citizens the right to move freely throughout the territory of India, which inherently includes the right to travel within the country. This is distinct from Article 21 which protects personal liberty.