Forestry and Plant Sciences

A.Duramen – also called heart wood.

B.Alburnum – also called sap wood.

C.Primary xylem – also called hydromel.

D.Spring wood – also called early wood.

So, correct option is ‘duramen’.

A ring of wood or secondary xylem formed by the association of spring wood and autumn wood is called annual ring. In every year one annual ring formation occurs in dicot stems.

So, the correct option is ‘autumn wood and springwood’.

In dicotyledonous stems, during intra stellar secondary growth, a ring of cambium called vascular cambium is formed.  In the plants growing temperate regions, the activity of vascular cambium is influenced by the existence of maximum seasonal variations. In the spring or early summer, due to the existence of favourable conditions, a large amount of secondary xylem is formed. it is called Springwood or early wood. In the autumn season, due to the presence of unfavourable conditions, less amount of wood is formed. it is called autumn wood or latewood.  Every ring of spring wood and autumn wood together form into an annual ring. In the 26 rings, 13 rings constitute spring wood and 13 rings constitute autumn wood. So total 13 annual rings are present.

In winter, when the cambium is less active and forms fewer xylary elements that have narrow vessels then this wood is called autumn wood or late wood. While, in spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements having vessels with wider cavities, this wood is called springwood or early wood.

In dicotyledonous stems, during intra stellar secondary growth, a ring of cambium called vascular cambium is formed.  In the plants growing temperate regions, the activity of vascular cambium is influenced by the existence of maximum seasonal variations. In the spring or early summer, due to the existence of favourable conditions, a large amount of secondary xylem is formed. it is called Springwood or early wood. In the autumn season, due to the presence of unfavourable conditions, less amount of wood is formed. it is called autumn wood or latewood.  A spring wood and autumn wood together form into an annual ring. Every annual ring becomes sapwood, it is light coloured, peripheral functional wood and every sap wood gradually transform into heat wood, it is inner or central dark coloured non-functional wood contains resin clogged structures called tyloses. 

So, the correct answer is 'Duramen and alburnum'.

In coniferous gymnosperms, secondary growth takes place by the formation of vascular cambium. it produces secondary xylem or wood towards its innerside and secondary phloem or bast towards outerside. Secondary xylem, shows more number of vessels without pores. So these are called non-porous vessesl. So the wood is called soft wood or non-porous wood.

Secondary xylem is of different types is called heteroxylous wood. In this, the formation of sapwood and heartwood takes place. It is mostly found in dicotyledons.

So, the correct option is ‘Angiosperms’.

Cambium activity is influenced by the climatic changes The cambium is more active during the spring that forms plenty of xylem vessels with wider cavities also called as earlywood or the spring wood. Springwood constitutes a major part of the annual ring and occurs at the beginning of an annual ring. It contains larger and wider elements and wood is lighter in color.

Cambium activity is influenced by the climatic changes The cambium is more active during the spring that forms plenty of xylem vessels with wider cavities also called as early wood. In winter this activity slows down and gives rise to narrower xylem elements. This is the late wood or autumn wood. 

• In the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements having vessels with wider cavities and form spring or earlywood and has light colour with lower density while late or autumn wood is formed in winter and vessels are less in number with a narrow lumen which is dark in color with high density.

Social forestry refers to the management and protection of forests and afforestation on barren lands with the purpose of helping environmental, social, and rural development, often involving local communities.

False

The forest of Norway maintained by the addition of over 100,000,000  sapling every year.

There are many alpine plant species in this region not found anywhere else in Europe, but often in the Arctic and sometimes in mountain areas in North America. In addition to birch trees include aspen, Scots pine, Juniperus communis, grey alder, rowan, goat willow and bird cherry. Some of the characteristic herbst are Aconitum lycoctonum, bilberry (blueberry) and Rubus chamaemorus, the latter typically growing on the numerous bogs.